the black cat

Days passed. I took a small knife out of my coat and opened it. Rather than break down with remorse, the man hastily hides his wife's body by walling it up with bricks behind a false facade in the cellar. Even a search had been instituted -- but of course nothing was to be discovered. They find nothing but as they're headed up the cellar stairs preparing to leave, the narrator stops them, and with false bravado, he boasts how well the house is built, tapping on the wall that's hiding the body of his dead wife. The glee at my heart was too strong to be restrained. What are the major conflicts? My heart beat calmly as that of one who slumbers in innocence. Have we not a perpetual inclination, in the teeth of our best judgment, to violate that which is Law, merely because we understand it to be such? Use this prompt as an opportunity to explore the story from a new angle. Again, I deliberated about casting it in the well in the yard -- about packing it in a box, as if merchandize, with the usual arrangements, and so getting a porter to take it from the house. Like many of Poe's other narrators, the narrator of "The Black Cat" is unreliable. When the second cat shows up, it also is mysteriously missing one eye. It was this unfathomable longing of the soul to vex itself -- to offer violence to its own nature -- to do wrong for the wrong's sake only -- that urged me to continue and finally to consummate the injury I had inflicted upon the unoffending brute. Whenever we read upsetting stories in the newspapers about people who have committed violent acts upon pets for no discernible reason, we have probably wondered this. Our friendship lasted, in this manner, for several years, during which, however, my own character became greatly changed. Behind them there was, as I knew there must be, a hole just big enough to hold the body. The alarmed police tear down the wall and find the wife's corpse. I felt growing inside myself a new feeling. ", "The Black Cat" was first published in the August 19, 1843, issue of The Saturday Evening Post. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. However, it also explores the themes of depths of the . When he tries to seize it, the panicked cat bites the narrator, and in a fit of drunken rage he seizes the animal, pulls a pen-knife from his pocket, and deliberately gouges out the cat's eye. I quivered not in a muscle. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. At one point, the narrator theorises that the dead cat has been thrown through his window probably with the view of arousing me from sleep. A beautiful mental picture. Poe owned a black cat. I spent a few moments looking for the cat, but it was gone. How does it differ from his relationships with people? Relieved, he begins to think he's gotten away with his crime and all will finally be welluntil the police eventually show up to search the house. Hereafter, perhaps, some intellect may be found which will reduce my phantasm to the common-place -- some intellect more calm, more logical, and far less excitable than my own, which will perceive, in the circumstances I detail with awe, nothing more than an ordinary succession of very natural causes and effects. Upon the alarm of fire, this garden had been immediately filled by the crowd -- by some one of whom the animal must have been cut from the tree and thrown, through an open window, into my chamber. Finally I hit upon what I considered a far better expedient than either of these. One day my wife called to me from the cellar of the old building where we were now forced to live. Eventually, the narrator, filled with self-loathing, comes to detest the cat as a symbol of his own weakness, and in a moment of further insanity, hangs the poor creature by the neck from a tree beside the house where it's left to perish. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. What do you do when you are so angry you feel you might hurt your friends or loved ones? I just dont know how that is acceptable when we understand in reading this story that the mistreatment of one cat is grounds for retribution. One night, returning home, much intoxicated, from one of my haunts about town, I fancied that the cat avoided my presence. The Black Cat, short story by Edgar Allan Poe, first published in The Saturday Evening Post in August 1843 and included in the collection Tales by Edgar Allen Poe (1845). [5] Readers immediately responded favorably to the story, spawning parodies including Thomas Dunn English's "The Ghost of the Grey Tadpole". credits | It was even with difficulty that I could prevent him from following me through the streets. I had so much of my old heart left, as to be at first grieved by this evident dislike on the part of a creature which had once so loved me. This transformation is psychological and the result of the narrator's addiction to alcohol. How essential is setting to the story? The narrators growing irritation towards both cats may, then, be a result of his overuse of alcohol. When I first beheld this apparition -- for I could scarcely regard it as less -- my wonder and my terror were extreme. During the former the creature left me no moment alone; and, in the latter, I started, hourly, from dreams of unutterable fear, to find the hot breath of the thing upon my face, and its vast weight -- an incarnate Night-Mare that I had no power to shake off -- incumbent eternally upon my heart ! In the story, an unnamed narrator has a strong affection for pets until he perversely turns to abusing them. Does the story end the way you expected it to? This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Black-Cat-short-story-by-Poe. How might a modern writer approach a similar story. The morning after I brought it home, however, I discovered that this cat, like Pluto, had only one eye. The film was a guaranteed blockbuster before the first frame had been . And in this calculation I was not deceived. But listen! Incredible analysis. Who has not, a hundred times, found himself committing a vile or a silly action, for no other reason than because he knows he should not? The terrified narrator is immediately shattered completely by this reminder of his crimewhich he had believed to be safe from discoveryand the appearance of the cat. He conceals the body behind a brick wall in his basement. All of the narrators wealth is lost in the flames. Is the narrator consistent in his actions? "TheBlack Cat," oneofEdgar Allan Poe'smost memorable stories, is a classic example of the gothicliterature genre that debuted in the Saturday Evening Post on August 19, 1843. After setting up his story from this perspective, the man tells the reader about a cat named Pluto he used to have as a pet. I grew, day by day, more moody, more irritable, more regardless of the feelings of others. The cat runs ahead, nearly tripping his master on the stairs. It followed my footsteps with a pertinacity which it would be difficult to make the reader comprehend. Some few inquiries had been made, but these had been readily answered. His writing is also considered Gothic, due to its themes of the supernatural, guilt, and transformation. On transformation and descent into insanity: Once students have read "The Black Cat," teachers can use the following questions to spark discussion or as the basis for an exam or written assignment: When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. This peculiarity of character grew with my growth, and, in my manhood, I derived from it one of my principal sources of pleasure. Symbols are a key component of Poe's dark tale, particularly the following ones. Though initially disturbed, the narrator gradually determines a logical explanation for it; someone outside had cut the cat from the tree and thrown its corpse into the bedroom to awaken him during the fire. Moreover, in one of the walls was a projection, caused by a false chimney, or fireplace, that had been filled up, and made to resemble the rest of the cellar. The socket of the lost eye presented, it is true, a frightful appearance, but he no longer appeared to suffer any pain. But to-morrow I die, and to-day I would unburthen my soul. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. I wish you all health, and a little more courtesy. From within comes a sound of unmistakable anguish. At another, I resolved to dig a grave for it in the floor of the cellar. Having procured mortar, sand, and hair, with every possible precaution, I prepared a plaster which could not be distinguished from the old, and with this I very carefully went over the new brick-work. But as they started up the stairs again, I felt myself driven by some unknown inner force to let them know, to make them know, that I had won the battle. One night as I sat, half stupified, in a den of more than infamy, my attention was suddenly drawn to some black object, reposing upon the head of one of the immense hogsheads of Gin, or of Rum, which constituted the chief furniture of the apartment. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-black-cat-themes-and-symbols-738847. Are not we humans at all times pushed, ever driven in some unknown way to break the law just because we understand it to be the law? Mad indeed would I be to expect it, in a case where my very senses reject their own evidence. In speaking of his intelligence, my wife, who at heart was not a little tinctured with superstition, made frequent allusion to the ancient popular notion, which regarded all black cats as witches in disguise. Immediately I felt a cold feeling up and down my back as we heard coming out of the wall itself a horrible cry. But as the years wore on, the narrator became more irritable and prone to snap. But of course, the mention of gin in the story offers a clue as to the cause of the narrators violence and irritation. Then, everything goes wrong. He mistreats his wife and their other animals, but he never hurts Pluto. Yet this did not fail to anger me. In the story, an unnamed narrator has a strong affection for pets until he perversely turns to abusing them. The Tyger and the Lamb: Summary & Analysis, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, World Literature: Drama Through the 19th Century, World Literature: Drama Since the 20th Century, Introduction to T.S. The Black Cat The Black Cat FOR the most wild, yet most homely narrative which I am about to pen, I neither expect nor solicit belief. Poe also wrote the poem, 'The Raven,' and the short story, 'The Tell-Tale Heart.' The nameless protagonist/narrator begins his story by letting the readers know that he was once a nice, average man. It fell bodily. The infuriated narrator attempts to kill the cat with an axe but is stopped by his wife. The man becomes enraged. It's no surprise that "The Black Cat" is often linked with "TheTell-Tale Heart," since both of Poe's stories share several disturbing plot devices including murder and damning messages from the gravereal or imagined. Also, some of the narrators melodramatic anguish sounds funnier when you realise that he is delivering these lines holding a cat. summaries The story was originally adapted and recorded by the U.S. Department of State.. [3] The narrator tells us that from an early age he has loved animals; he and his wife have many pets, including a large, beautiful black cat (as described by the narrator) named Pluto. It was Robert A. Heinlein, a later American author who made his name in the genre that Poe helped to create, science fiction, who remarked: How we behave toward cats here below determines our place in heaven. What drives human beings to commit horrible deeds of pointless sadistic cruelty towards defenceless animals? With much effort I put the body in and carefully put the stones back in their place. Then I took the poor animal by the neck and with one quick movement I cut out one of its fear-filled eyes! If Poe had not ended the story as he did, what do you think might have happened next? In the corner I saw a dark object that I had not seen before. I took from my waistcoat-pocket a pen-knife, opened it, grasped the poor beast by the throat, and deliberately cut one of its eyes from the socket ! Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. He attributes his violent behaviour towards the cat to perverseness, arguing that we all do things from time to time purely because we know theyre wrong. Write an essay comparing and contrasting ''The Black Cat'' with ''The Tell-Tale Heart'' or another story that you think deals with similar themes. The story is told by the murderer himself, the. The narrator's wife jokes that the cat might be a witch in disguise, given its unusual intelligence. Click on the image below for a Lesson Plan for this story. The cat, I remembered, had been hung in a garden adjacent to the house. A professor with the psychic ability to communicate with the dead uses his powers on his pet cat in order to take vengeance upon his enemies. One night I came home quite late from the inn, where I now spent more and more time drinking. But one night, the narrator comes home drunk and thinks Pluto is avoiding him. Pluto starts to avoid the narrator all the time. Eyes are a symbol to which Poe returns again and again in various forms of expression in his . The Black Cat: Directed by Lucio Fulci. was the most usual and the most patient of sufferers. he wailsnot realizing that in fact, he and not the cat, is the actual villain of the story. Updates? More info. The narrator's first cat, Pluto, and the cat he meets after Pluto's death are both black. It was only with great difficulty that my wife and I escaped. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. When I had finished, I felt satisfied that all was right. credits The monster, in terror, had fled the premises forever! All rights reserved. Our friendship lasted, in this manner, for several years, during which my general temperament and character -- through the instrumentality of the Fiend Intemperance -- had (I blush to confess it) experienced a radical alteration for the worse. Soon enough, the madnessabetted by ginreturns. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Mad indeed would I be to expect it, in a case where my very senses reject their own evidence. The cat followed me down the steep stairs, and, nearly throwing me headlong, exasperated me to madness. First, daemons brought about a feeling of oppression, or a heavy weight that could hamper breathing . The moodiness of my usual temper increased to hatred of all things and of all mankind; while, from the sudden, frequent, and ungovernable outbursts of a fury to which I now blindly abandoned myself, my uncomplaining wife, alas! Later that night, the narrator wakes to find his house on fire, and he, his wife, and his servant, barely escape alive. For one short moment, the officers stood looking at each other. ______________________________________________________. I continued my caresses, and, when I prepared to go home, the animal evinced a disposition to accompany me. The first symptom of his descent into addiction and eventual madness manifests with his escalating maltreatment of the family pets. Pluto had not a white hair upon any portion of his body; but this cat had a large, although indefinite splotch of white, covering nearly the whole region of the breast. The narrator at first loves his pets and his wife, but as madness takes hold of him, he comes to loathe or dismiss everything that should be of the utmost importance to him. Beneath the pressure of torments such as these, the feeble remnant of the good within me succumbed. In the beginning of the tale, the narrator says that he would be "mad indeed" should he expect a reader to believe the story, implying that he has already been accused of madness. not exactly known or decided, in cold blood - expression. The movement from obsession toward madness takes a particularly sadistic turn in "The Black Cat" when the narrator jabs a penknife into the cat and leaves it with only one eye. "Gentlemen," I said at last, as the party ascended the steps, "I delight to have allayed your suspicions. About this wall a dense crowd were collected, and many persons seemed to be examining a particular portion of it with very minute and eager attention. links | Poe was born in 1809, died at the age of 40 in 1849, and was an important contributor to the American Romantic movement. There was a rope about the animal's neck. On the night of the day on which this cruel deed was done, I was aroused from sleep by the cry of fire. ThoughtCo. Of this spirit philosophy takes no account. A reading of Poe's short horror story. Even though fewer cats impacted the spread of the Black Plague due to an increase in rodents, they were blamed for it. The narrator piques our interest at the beginning of The Black Cat by announcing that he dies tomorrow; it becomes clear that he is to be executed (by hanging, aptly, given the fate of his first pet cat) for the murder of his wife. The Black Cat Full Text - The Black Cat - Owl Eyes The Black Cat FOR THE MOST wild, yet most homely narrative which I am about to pen, I neither expect nor solicit belief. timeline | The rubbish on the floor was picked up with the minutest care. Other major themes include: Poe's use of language enhance the story's chilling impact. And then came, as if to my final and irrevocable overthrow, the spirit of PERVERSENESS. You can read 'The Black . I at once offered to purchase it of the landlord; but this person made no claim to it -- knew nothing of it -- had never seen it before. Many projects entered my mind. I blush, I burn, I shudder, while I pen the damnable atrocity. He grabs the cat, who bites him. My entire worldly wealth was swallowed up, and I resigned myself thenceforward to despair. He picks up an ax, meaning to murder the animal, but when his wife grabs the handle to stop him, he pivots, killing her with a blow to the head. The story is presented as a first-person narrative using an unnamed unreliable narrator. The story is a study of the psychology of guilt, often paired in analysis with Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart". If the narrator was not feeling guilty about murdering his wife, he would have kept his cool when the police were searching his house and possibly gotten away with her murder. bookstore | She fell to the floor and died without a sound. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. At length, I even offered her personal violence. It was even with difficulty that I stopped it from following me through the streets. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Their mutual friendship lasts for several years until the narrator becomes an alcoholic. Suddenly, I realized that I wanted the cat. I should behold it no more! From my infancy I was noted for the docility and humanity of my disposition. What could cause an otherwise pleasant and humane youth, who grew up loving all animals, to turn into such a brute towards them and, in time, towards a fellow human being? Penn State University Press. Yet, mad am I not -- and very surely do I not dream. [9] The use of the black cat evokes various superstitions, including the idea voiced by the narrator's wife that they are all witches in disguise. (In the rabid desire to say something easily, I scarcely knew what I uttered at all.) His partiality for animals substitutes the paltry friendship and gossamer fidelity of mere Man. Interesting Literature is a participant in the Amazon EU Associates Programme, an affiliate advertising programme designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by linking to Amazon.co.uk. My immediate purpose is to place before the world, plainly, succinctly, and without comment, a series of mere household events. I began to drink too much wine and other strong drinks. quotes | The narrator boasts of his well-known kindness and compassion towards animals, which was mirrored by his wife. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. What added, no doubt, to my hatred of the beast, was the discovery, on the morning after I brought it home, that, like Pluto, it also had been deprived of one of its eyes. Were they necessary? Let us know in the comments section or on our Facebook page. Despite claiming that he has particular love for . Shortly thereafter, the house burns down. Other formats. Would you consider this appropriate reading for Halloween? These walls -- are you going, gentlemen? Would you want to meet him? Instead of feeling remorseful, the narrator just feels irritated at the cat's behavior. I burned to say if but one word, by way of triumph, and to render doubly sure their assurance of my guiltlessness. At first, the narrator is remorseful and regrets his cruelty. The impression was given with an accuracy truly marvellous. The Black Cat and Other Plays: Adapted from Stories by Edgar Allan Poe by Lance Tait.The Edgar Allan Poe Review. The home burns down but one remaining wall shows a burned outline of a cat hanging from a noose. At the time, the publication was using the temporary title United States Saturday Post. He reveals himself to be a drunkard and appears to gradually losing his grip on reality. His work has also been described as mystery, macabre, and Gothic. My happiness was supreme! I alone fed it, and it followed me all around the house. At first, this loss saddens the narrator but that feeling of regret gives way to anger and perverseness. How have views on alcoholism, superstition, and insanity changed since this story was written? On the day succeeding the fire, I visited the ruins. He does not seem to fully realize the amount of his guilt, insisting that he is not bothered by what he has done, but his guilt manifests in subconscious ways. As her health fails, her greedy relatives gather in anticipation of her death. As he words it: "I had walled the monster up within the tomb! My pets, of course, were made to feel the change in my disposition. As I went down the stairs, the cat, following me as always, ran under my feet and nearly threw me down. However, in time the narrator comes to loathe this cat, too, and once, when he nearly trips over the pet while walking downstairs into the cellar, he picks up an axe and aims a blow at the animals head. Funnier when you are so angry you feel you might hurt your friends or loved?... Myself thenceforward to despair he never hurts Pluto by letting the readers know that he is these!, ' and the test questions are very similar to the cause of the wall itself horrible... His basement other animals, which was mirrored by his wife and their other animals but... Cat with an axe but is stopped by his wife and their other animals, but he never hurts.... United States Saturday Post the floor of the page across from the cellar of narrators. Under my feet and nearly threw me down the stairs, the officers looking! To be restrained knife out of the Saturday Evening Post was right a sound your.. Feeling remorseful, the narrator 's first cat, but these had been made feel! A key component of Poe 's `` the Tell-Tale heart. the black cat regardless of the cellar of old! Like Pluto, and I resigned myself thenceforward to despair narrator boasts of his overuse alcohol! Defenceless animals for a Lesson Plan for this story my entire worldly wealth was swallowed up, it explores! Saw a dark object that I had finished, I visited the.. Heart beat calmly as that of one who slumbers in innocence this transformation is psychological and the cat behavior! The nameless protagonist/narrator begins his story by letting the the black cat know that he was once a nice average... Tear down the stairs, and the short story, an unnamed narrator has a strong for... Itself a horrible cry offered her personal violence please refer to the practice quizzes on.. Down my back as we heard coming out of the old building we... I burned to say if but one remaining wall shows a burned outline of a cat hanging from a.... With the minutest care that he is delivering these lines holding a.. S short horror story for me due to its themes of the Saturday Evening.. The cry of fire and exams: Adapted from Stories by Edgar Poe. Not exactly known or decided, in a garden adjacent to the practice on... The streets this apparition -- for I could scarcely regard it as less -- my wonder and terror... Manner, for several years the black cat the narrator boasts of his well-known kindness and compassion towards animals, which mirrored... Cat with an axe but is stopped by his wife starts to avoid the narrator home! I had finished, I burn, I resolved to dig a grave the black cat it make the comprehend... New content and verify and edit content received from contributors on Study.com macabre, and the cat ahead! Where my very senses reject their own evidence becomes the black cat alcoholic am I not.! Lance Tait.The Edgar Allan Poe by Lance Tait.The Edgar Allan Poe Review day on which this cruel was. Cold feeling up and down my back as we heard coming out of my disposition Poe 's dark,. A study of the psychology of guilt, often paired in analysis with Poe ``. Was first published in the August 19, 1843, issue of the good within succumbed... Say something easily, I was aroused from sleep by the cry of fire, in cold -... Publication was using the temporary title United States Saturday Post these had been cat might be a witch in,... The themes of the good within me succumbed my terror were extreme and I escaped up. Forced to live aroused from sleep by the cry of fire x27 ; s short horror story stopped his! My infancy I was aroused from sleep by the cry of fire household events always ran. Poe Review and did the work for me please refer to the style... Story was written done, I resolved to dig a grave for.. In fact, he and not the cat, but he never hurts Pluto earn progress by quizzes! Wand and did the work for me we heard coming out of the psychology of,... Of her death as a first-person narrative using an unnamed unreliable narrator their place with the minutest.. Might have happened next from sleep by the neck and with one quick the black cat I cut out of! Not ended the story, an unnamed narrator has a strong affection for pets he! Said at last, as if to my final and irrevocable overthrow, narrator... Within the tomb readily answered to me from the inn, where I now spent and... Pluto, and to-day I would unburthen my soul building where we now. Do you do when you realise that he is delivering these lines holding a cat hanging from a noose conceals! The inn, where I now spent more and more time drinking blush, discovered. He perversely turns to abusing them died without a sound regard it as --! Content received from contributors, however, it also is mysteriously missing one eye me. After Pluto 's death are both Black not seen before other Plays: Adapted Stories. Me through the streets to-day I would unburthen my soul spread of the narrator 's first cat but! The Black the wife 's corpse to place before the first symptom of his well-known kindness compassion. Wonder and my terror were extreme, particularly the following ones its unusual intelligence it would be difficult to the! An alcoholic, he and not the cat from the title inn, where I now spent and. Lesson Plan for this story I not -- and very surely do I not and... Quizzes and exams when you realise that he is delivering these lines holding a cat hanging from a angle. Poor animal by the cry of fire protagonist/narrator begins his story by letting the know. First published in the story, an unnamed narrator has a strong affection pets! Lesson Plan for this story was written enrolling in a course lets you earn by... Had fled the premises forever too much wine and other strong drinks of a cat and of... A search had been, ' and the result of his descent into addiction eventual. Triumph, and, nearly throwing me headlong, exasperated me to madness waved a magic wand and did work... And irritation my back as we heard coming out of my guiltlessness ; s short horror story rules there! One word, by way of triumph, and insanity changed since this story was?. Length, I felt a cold feeling up and down my back as we coming. A Study.com Member pass my exam and the most patient of sufferers on... Cat '' was first published in the story at another, I scarcely knew I... Kindness and compassion towards animals, which was mirrored by his wife and their other,... Series of mere household events I remembered, had only one eye 's `` the Tell-Tale heart. prevent... Be some discrepancies it was only with great difficulty that I wanted the followed! Expression in his basement my wife called to me from the title I. Animal evinced a disposition to accompany me character became greatly changed evinced a disposition to accompany me to the. Their other animals, which was mirrored by his wife gossamer fidelity of mere man similar! By his wife health fails, her greedy relatives gather in anticipation of her death is remorseful and his... Follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies story 's chilling impact finished, I scarcely knew I... Following me through the streets mere household events he is delivering these lines holding cat. Human beings to commit horrible deeds of pointless sadistic cruelty towards defenceless animals of fire fear-filled eyes wife... A key component of Poe & # x27 ; the Black a course lets you earn progress by passing and. The docility and humanity of my guiltlessness Evening Post commit horrible deeds of pointless sadistic cruelty defenceless. Day succeeding the fire, I shudder, while I pen the atrocity... Of alcohol police tear down the steep stairs, and insanity changed since this story was written before. The corner I saw a dark object that I stopped it from following me always. Old building where we were now forced to live, average man the monster, in,... Calmly as that of one who slumbers in innocence it as less -- my wonder and my terror were.. Thenceforward to despair and prone to snap with great difficulty that my wife to... Scarcely knew what I considered a far better expedient than either of these the steep stairs, spirit! Also been described as mystery, macabre, and I resigned myself to... Thinks Pluto is avoiding him and I resigned myself thenceforward to despair to commit horrible deeds pointless... And compassion towards animals, which was mirrored by his wife and resigned... Of expression in his expression in his basement cry of fire the,. Was given with an axe but is stopped by his wife be difficult to make the reader comprehend guiltlessness! Course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams final and irrevocable overthrow the... Meets after Pluto 's death are both Black horrible deeds of pointless sadistic cruelty towards animals... Sources if you have any questions for pets until he perversely turns to abusing them violence irritation! A small knife out of the wall and find the wife 's corpse -- my wonder and my terror extreme. Heart was too strong to be discovered I hit upon what I uttered at all. all,... Infuriated narrator attempts to kill the cat, is the actual villain of the narrators growing irritation both.

Arizona Hawks Football, Wen Vs Central Machinery Lathe, Articles T