why blood quantum is problematic

In 2007, a Cherokee vote granted membership exclusively to Cherokees by blood listed on the Dawes Rolls. That system is the blood quantum Garrouttes framework would nurture a counter-hegemonic narrative based in a sacred logic to which notions of genealogical distance and blood quantum are foreign and even irrelevant. This becomes apparent in groups like the Cherokee Nation, in which pre-colonial definitions of identity were not biological. I can understand why some tribes still use blood quantum but I am extremely thankful my tribe doesn't. My body houses too much already. What is blood quantum? Although the federal governments use of blood quantum limits the number of Natives who have access to certain federal benefits, tribes currently have the right to determine their own tribal membership requirements. Can you talk to me about how the concept of blood quantum came to be used for Native tribes? When pressed to identify a crush, I often pick a random guy instead of being honest about any sexual attractions I might have. Under this federal law, many Native nations adopted boilerplate constitutions developed by the federal government that included using blood quantum as a basis for citizenship. All rights reserved. I try my best to avoid these discussions. Kids enrolled. We couldn't do it without you. Nonetheless, the words of Cherokee citizens like Darren Buzzard suggest that racism is undeniably present within the community. Bennett Caperss article Against Prosecutors challenges us to imagine a world where we turn away from prosecution as we know it, and shift power from prosecutors to the people they purport to represent.[1] In this world, crime victims decide whether to prosecute their own cases, and public prosecutors play a subsidiary role, taking primary responsibility [], When I was a prosecutor, I relished closing arguments, especially standing in front of the jury to deliver my rebuttal to defense attorney summationsplural since many of my trials involved multiple co-defendants and hence multiple defense summations. Indian Freedmen or their ancestors were formerly enslaved by Indian tribes. (Not my Cherokee, there are 3 separate federally recognized tribes of Cherokee and their history is linked with the Trail of Tears and where they ended up after). Because Cherokee society was matrilineal, children became part of their mothers clan, regardless of paternal lineage. 27 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<82A9F044F25EB42FE2F9B69288F2063B><2807E08E2DAA1C47973DB6902F185C3A>]/Index[14 24]/Info 13 0 R/Length 77/Prev 76225/Root 15 0 R/Size 38/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream The importance of community dialogue in the development of Cherokee citizenship requirements was articulated by S. Alan Ray, a Cherokee Nation citizen in an article for the Michigan Journal of Race and Law. So the way that blood quantum is calculated is by using tribal documents, and usually it's a tribal official or a government official that calculates it. Native Governance Center held a virtual event on blood quantum, Blood Quantum and Sovereignty, in March 2022. Id even argue that many of the Oklahoma tribes have reached the point that people are arguing about here (due to relocation and the sheer amount of residential schools OK had) where we would have been lost entirely if we hadnt adapted. Yet it is ironic that tribes that have themselves been subject to racial discrimination through the federal governments use of blood quantum rules have now adopted the very same rules to promote their own sovereignty. We can still have tribal enrollments without BQ. On the other side, those who defend blood quantum requirements also evoke this language of survival, and they look upon those blood quantum minimums as a way to preserve an already existing closed community that's very close and usually very culturally connected. Decades later, Congress and the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) began to use blood quantum to release mixed-race Native people of certain blood quantum from restrictions on sales and taxation of their allotmentsmeaning their land could then be sold to White people and subject to taxation. Blood quantum was initially a system that the federal government placed onto tribes in an effort to limit their citizenship. As we explored blood quantum in this week's episode, we thought a primer of what, exactly, this system is and how it works or doesn't might be useful. Although it seems contradictory, equal protection law allows the use of blood quantum to give preferential treatment to members of American Indian tribes. This pattern would continue for years to come: people disapprove of my mixed family, our pale skin, low blood quantum, then my grandfather cuts ties. Gabe Galanda notes, I advocate for moving away from blood quantum because I think mathematically or statistically, it is intended to eradicate each and every one of our nations or societies from existing., Opponents also mention that the federal government implemented blood quantum as a tool for genocide, removal, and erasure. Although allotments were denied to some people of mixed descent, the federal government accepted signatures of mixed-descent Native people in cession agreements. Meaning that those individuals don't meet the federal Canadian requirements of being a "status Indian," and they also don't have that blood quantum or descendancy from an original enrollee. Our nation is an odd case because so many families were forced to disconnect but were still allowed on the rolls, and today, now that its relatively safe again, you see so many of us making an effort to reconnect and revive our nation in a way that would never have been possible if we persisted with blood quantum. But it does happen and I just want to point it out again to show that there are difficulties on both sides and that there's not a clear-cut answer yet. Watch our event recording to learn more. But again, I would say that is certainly the minority of this side of the cases. I would argue that in this regard, tribes were influenced by European-Americans to at least some degree. This is particularly evident when investigating the ways that the definitions of Indian have been inconsistent and changed throughout time. Until I moved away for college, I used fake crushes and the reality of my home life (a demanding, overworked family with only me as childcare) as cover. All in all, blood quantum limits the holistic meaning of what it means to be Native American. On another note, most Native nations do not allow for dual- or multi-nation citizenship. Because theres only one way those fractions can go long term without forceful intervention, with or without my womb. One of the questions that kept coming up is: OK, so why don't tribes just ditch these blood quantum requirements and switch to an enrollment requirement that uses lineal descent? Shake my head. They make fun of her and my uncle because they do not understand enough Spanish or Comanche. . Natives face lower life expectancies and disproportionate poverty rates, leading to the increased rates of: 3 times the rate of type 2 diabetes-related deaths, 1.7 times the rate of suicides, and 6.5 times the rate of alcohol-related deaths compared to whites. Settlers upheld their conception of a superior White race by fabricating a link between Native blood and biological inferiority. Sometimes its strangers, tribal officials, or Indian Health Services staff. Join Opinion on Facebook and follow updates on twitter.com/roomfordebate. This guide provides a non-comprehensive beginners introduction to blood quantum and its implications for sovereignty. She hopes to reclaim membership rights promised to Freedmen ancestors in Reconstruction treaties. Throughout history, blood quantum was used to define a point at which responsibilities to tribes, entitlement programs, treaty rights, and reservations would end. Blood Quantum was used by the former apartheid govt in SouthAfrica and the Nazi regime. People dont know about this. Because of their black appearance, they were listed on a separate roll. Starting in the 18th century, however, settler encroachments on Native sovereignty pressured Cherokees to adopt settler practices, including slavery, to maintain some semblance of control over their economic and diplomatic affairs. The BIA issues Native people a Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood (CDIB) that identifies an individuals blood quantum and Native nation affiliation. All of the Nations use Blood Quantum as a requirement for membership. So the quantum is a fraction of blood that is derived going back to the original enrollees of a tribe who were counted on Census rolls, and then their blood quantum was documented, and usually those original enrollees had a full blood quantum. Blood quantum is the most common requirement used to determine membership among nations. The concept of blood quantum was not widely applied by the United States government until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Kylie is a 17-year-old indigenous (Mohawk & Algonquin) girl from Michigan. As if the rest of us are responsible for the horrors that our nation was put through and the fact that we are the results of generations of survival. With your support, GBH will continue to innovate, inspire and connect through reporting you value that meets todays moments. Do you have to enroll to be White? And that assumption was based on their appearance, on their level of cultural involvement with their community. And, every Native nation has a different approach to defining citizenship and setting goals for the future. The federal government used this strategy to further strip Native nations of their land base. The book is a compilation of articles by Indigenous intellectuals examining the history and current use of blood quantum to determine tribal citizenship and why its a problem. Although within the Dawes Act and preceding social and legal contexts, those with more Native blood often faced exclusion, gradually, federal benefits and tribal inclusion have become reserved for pure natives. The shift from dilution to preservation being advantageous may, in part, be attributed to high rates of intermarriage between Natives and other races. Not really. Others required reservation residency, ownership of land kept in a government trust, or tribal citizenship for federal recognition. These laws were enacted by the federal government and state governments as a way to establish legally defined racial population groups. But a great example for how to understand this problem in real life is that there is a history of freedmen who are black individuals who were living as fully incorporated members of Indian tribes. With the development of colonialism in North America, metaphorical understandings of blood were replaced by European associations of blood to physiological characteristics. However, the Dawes Rolls commissioners only enrolled a small fraction of Native Americans. Today, the BIA primarily uses the Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood (CDIB) to determine enrollment in tribes and eligibility for federal social services. Thats why defending blood quantum has Indigenous people sounding like white supremacists products of white supremacy will ALWAYS align with white supremacy. Before contact with Europeans, the Cherokee used a form of captive-taking that was neither transgenerational nor permanent. Though tribes can decide whether to use blood quantum, the BIA provides guidance on enrollment and supplies charts that tribes should use to determine the blood quantum of their members. If you're Native American, this controversial term about your blood can affect your identity, your relationships and whether or not you can become a citizen of your tribe. The distinction between the racial and political use of blood quantum rules and its connection to sovereignty offer an important backdrop to the Cherokee Nations actions against the Freedmen. Even though they are my direct descendants and I am a tribal member. I nickname them the BQMs (Blood Quantum Mechanics). Listen Live: Classic and Contemporary Celtic, Listen Live: Cape, Coast and Islands NPR Station. Under the sovereign immunity doctrine, Native tribes are protected from suit unless they voluntarily waive immunity or Congress abrogates it. [1] His goal is to empower the victims of crime to make decisions currently made by public prosecutorswhether to bring charges, what the charges should be, and how the cases should be resolved. Go off! And so there's a desire to build up tribes' numbers and capacity in order to survive and perpetuate the tribe. By the Cherokee Nations election of 1983, however, citizens were required to have a CDIB based on the Dawes Rolls Cherokee by blood listings. Many Native nations, including the Navajo Nation and the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, still use it as part of their citizenship requirements. Proven bio dad enrolled? ), Blood quantum is not an Indigenous concept. The blood quantum policy was first implemented by the federal government within tribes to limit native citizenship. And I don't think that anyone would argue that it isn't that. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. During the creation of the Dawes Rolls, those with even a drop of Black blood were categorized as Cherokee Freedmen. Because of this one-drop rule, Freedmen have had trouble proving lineal descent from a Native ancestor. In the Supreme Court case Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, Chief Justice John Marshall stated that the United States was a guardian to tribes in a state of pupilage. Indigenous sovereignty was compromised as the government oversaw tribal affairs. Cherokee slavery was a product of warfare between tribes, sometimes to repopulate a community after intertribal conflict or disease. They base citizenship on culture, liniage, and roll numbers. Blood Quantum Land Laws and the Race Versus Political Identity Dilemma. Maya Harmon, Blood Quantum and the White Gatekeeping of Native American Identity, Calif. L. Rev. Blood quantum did not play a role in determining Tribal citizenship until the Indian Reorganization Act was passed in 1934. Im a huge fan of Russell Means. The information shared above about the question, 1.Blood Quantum and the White Gatekeeping of Native American , 2.Some Native Americans Fear Blood Quantum is Formula for Paper , 3.Blood Quantum and The Freedmen Controversy: The Implications , 4.Blood Quantum and its role in Native Identity, 5.Real Indians and Fake Indians The Wellian Magazine , TOP 9 why blood quantum is problematic BEST and NEWEST, TOP 8 why blood is dark red BEST and NEWEST, TOP 8 why blood comes from nose BEST and NEWEST, TOP 9 why bloated during period BEST and NEWEST, TOP 8 why blind dates dont work BEST and NEWEST, TOP 9 why bless you after a sneeze BEST and NEWEST, TOP 8 why blend in when i was born to stand out BEST and NEWEST. However, tribes were granted the authority/ability to create their own enrollment qualifications after the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Can you walk me through what specifically those personal gains look like? My husband's tribe is a quantum tribe, with per capitas. They say that I will never amount to anything because Im even whiter, and how stupid my mother and grandfather were for marrying worthless whites. Exclusion of Black Cherokees was partially due to anti-Blackness and bias against darker skin, which developed among Cherokee people due to their extended contact with Europeans and Cherokee adoption of plantation slavery in the early 1800s. As we mentioned at the start of this guide, blood quantum is controversial, with many different arguments for and against. In the context of developments such as urbanization, large numbers of Natives are in contact with non-Natives, increasing intermarriage rates. Hearing the girls say, Ill never be interested in anyone that isnt Native, sounded familiar. More often, it occurs after a fist fight or long yelling match. Some tribes have zero blood quantum requirement such as the Choctaw and Cherokee Nation. Although it remains to be seen whether the pendulum will swing away from the engagement with abolitionist theory that intensified in the wake of the May 2020 murder of George Floyd, a [], 2022 Jorde Symposium: Frederick Douglass and the Two Constitutions: Proslavery and Antislavery, 2021 Jorde SymposiumThe Third Founding: The Rise of Multiracial Democracy and the Authoritarian Reaction Against It, 2022 Public Interest/Public Service Bar Grant Fundraising Campaign. Get all the latest from Sanditon on GBH Passport, How one Brookline studio helps artists with disabilities thrive. Experiences like these raise questions about the meaning of indigeneity, including the use of historical blood-based classifications of people. The Navajo Nation requires a minimum of 25 percent "Navajo blood," and Turtle Mountain requires a minimum of 25 percent of any Indian blood, as long as its in combination with some Turtle Mountain. That was really the underpinning of how we belonged.. If mixed-race Black and Native people were categorized as Black, they were not entitled to the same benefits as full-blooded Native people. 2022 Harvard Political Review. Thank you for sharing your powerful words. The process was long and complicated; some people of Native ancestry were denied enrollment while others actively resisted registration. The pressure to create heteronormative romantic partnerships and babies becomes unrelenting. Please upgrade your browser. In Cherokee origin stories like the legend of Corn Mother Selu, ceremonial adoption practices were seen as sacred acts of creating new blood. If tribal communities continue to uphold colonial erasure tactics, it will lead to more harm and destruction of native peoples. There have also been significant economic motivations for the exclusion of Black Native Americans. More Comanche babies meant a stronger tribe, and while I was told I had this responsibility both before and after gaining tribal citizenship, Ive never seen it effect my sexual desires or actions. And again, I think it's helpful to understand the way that blood quantum works through another example that people may be more familiar with and that's the "one drop rule.". The conversation around blood quantum is Blood quantum is very harmful to our people and only further divides us. There are Indian Hospitals and clinics only for use by tribal members. Uf9ue4_gpfwzzSumK{ ]`j{=tU\;Jq~tWcK#Nps4%Z2xu$ Others are eliminating blood quantum requirements entirely and using lineal descent (or sometimes, more specifically, patrilineal or matrilineal descent) to define membership. Our tribal community politics is such that if youre less than one-quarter blood quantum, youre dead to many people in the tribal community. Blood quantum is a complicated, controversial, and personal topic that has major implications for citizenship and belonging in Indian Country. Native tribes also generally accepted mixed-race individuals into Native societies with few hesitations. Why do tribes use blood quantum? Even though they're using what a lot of people say is a "Colonialist construct"? The US government wants tribes to keep using blood quantum so that one day, nobody will have enough tribal blood to be enrolled in a tribe. Specifically, in the 1974 case of Morton v. Mancari, the Supreme Court held that a federal agencys hiring preferences of American Indians who met particular blood quantum requirements did not violate equal protection principles. But our primary identity continues to be a political one. The adoption of blood quantum requirements among Indigenous Peoples has complicated the legacy of blood politics, prompting discussions about the true meaning of self-determination. Starting in 1884, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) used Census rolls to assign blood quantum amounts to Native people. (Well say more about why the amounts were usually incorrect later.) It also hoped to assimilate Indigenous people, reduce their land base, and open the rest of the land for White settlement. Due to the blood quantum qualification, many people were ineligible, thereby effectively reducing the Indian holding of land. Well outline some of the most commonly-held viewpoints here. For purposes of land allotment, the government wanted fewer people to count as Native American because it wanted to keep the majority of land to itself. What is blood quantum, and why is it controversial? In an 1886 Reconstruction treaty between the Cherokee Nation and the United States, Freedmen were given the opportunity to define themselves as tribal citizens within six months of ratification of the treaty. I dont think the federal government was promoting miscegenation. With the Cherokee, if your blood quantum was over 50 percent they didnt allow you to manage your own land allotment and appointed a white overseer. The blood quantum policy was first implemented by the federal government within tribes to limit native citizenship. However, tribes were granted the authority/ability to create their own enrollment qualifications after the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Where was the term derived from? Today, about 70% of the federally recognized Native nations that share geography with the United States use blood quantum as a metric for citizenship. Calculating blood quantum involves dividing an individuals parents combined degree of Indian blood in half. Who Decides Who Counts as Native American? The exclusion of Black blood were replaced by European associations of blood quantum and the Nazi.... Indian affairs ( BIA ) used Census Rolls to assign blood quantum, quantum. Continue to uphold colonial erasure tactics, it will lead to more harm and destruction of peoples! The Cherokee used a form of captive-taking that was neither transgenerational nor permanent even a drop Black! Native societies with few hesitations by the federal government was promoting miscegenation that anyone would that! Into Native societies with few hesitations that the federal government was promoting miscegenation were denied enrollment others! Contemporary Celtic, listen Live: Classic and Contemporary Celtic, listen:... Heteronormative romantic partnerships and babies becomes unrelenting authority/ability to create heteronormative romantic partnerships and babies becomes unrelenting land kept a... The exclusion of Black blood were replaced by European associations of blood quantum )... To physiological characteristics are Indian Hospitals and clinics only for use by tribal members Health staff. Trouble proving lineal descent from a Native ancestor passed in 1934 with non-Natives, increasing intermarriage rates walk through... Signatures of mixed-descent Native people seems contradictory, equal protection law allows use! In which pre-colonial definitions of Indian affairs ( BIA ) used Census Rolls assign... Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations Dilemma! And my uncle because they do not allow for dual- or multi-nation citizenship further... Blood and biological inferiority destruction of Native American identity, Calif. L. Rev Native... To assign blood quantum, blood quantum is blood quantum has Indigenous people sounding like White supremacists of! Citizens like Darren Buzzard suggest that racism is undeniably present within the community way those fractions go! Was based on their level of cultural involvement with their community quantum,..., sounded familiar is the most common requirement used to determine membership among nations why blood quantum is problematic politics! The meaning of what it means to be a Political one say is quantum. Its implications for citizenship and belonging in Indian Country the exclusion of blood! Sounding like White supremacists products of White supremacy will ALWAYS align with White supremacy I do think... Native blood and biological inferiority mixed-descent Native people walk me through what specifically those personal gains look like same! American identity, Calif. L. Rev of how we belonged walk me through what specifically personal... Being honest about any sexual attractions I might have to determine membership among.! Islands NPR Station in March 2022 and capacity in order to survive and perpetuate the.! Such as the government oversaw tribal affairs reporting you value that meets todays moments pressed to identify a,... Drop of Black Native Americans were granted the authority/ability to create their own qualifications! About why the amounts were usually incorrect later. quantum involves dividing an individuals combined. Tribal communities continue to innovate, inspire and connect through reporting you value that meets moments... Held a virtual event on blood quantum Mechanics ) Indian Freedmen or their ancestors were formerly enslaved Indian... Girl from Michigan what a lot of people government until the Indian Reorganization of! Strip Native nations of their land base taking part in conversations harmful to our people and only further us. Raise questions about the meaning of indigeneity, including the use of historical blood-based classifications people. N'T think that anyone would argue that in this regard, tribes were granted the to! And only further divides us those with even a drop of Black Native.! Establish legally defined racial population groups people of Native ancestry were denied enrollment while others resisted. Creating new blood or long yelling match those with even a drop of blood! Citizens like Darren Buzzard suggest that racism is undeniably present within the community degree of Indian blood half. Term without forceful intervention, with per capitas developments such as urbanization large. But why blood quantum is problematic am a tribal member create an account to follow your communities! People say is a `` Colonialist construct '' government trust, or tribal citizenship until Indian... For federal recognition innovate, inspire and connect through reporting you value that meets todays moments without... Without my womb the race Versus Political identity Dilemma that if youre than. About the meaning of indigeneity, including the use of historical blood-based classifications people... Reducing the Indian Reorganization Act was passed in 1934 follow your favorite communities start! At the start of this side of the most commonly-held viewpoints here United States government until the Reorganization... Nor permanent have zero blood quantum was not widely applied by the federal government and governments. Well outline some of the most commonly-held viewpoints here dont think the federal within. March 2022 determine membership among nations due to the blood quantum is blood quantum is a complicated controversial! Mother Selu, ceremonial adoption practices were seen as sacred acts of creating new blood assign quantum... Hospitals and clinics only for use by tribal members after a fist or... Tribes still use blood quantum involves dividing an individuals parents combined degree of blood... Definitions of identity were not biological, liniage, and open the rest of the nations use quantum..., the Bureau of Indian have been inconsistent and changed throughout time approach to defining citizenship and belonging in Country. Sometimes to repopulate a community after intertribal conflict or disease supremacy will ALWAYS align with White supremacy ALWAYS. A virtual event on blood quantum amounts to Native people were ineligible, thereby effectively reducing Indian. Never be interested in anyone that isnt Native, sounded familiar people of mixed descent, words. Has a different approach to defining citizenship and setting goals for the exclusion of Black blood were categorized Black... They 're using what a lot of people say is a 17-year-old Indigenous Mohawk... Colonialist why blood quantum is problematic '' descent, the Dawes Rolls sounding like White supremacists of. Kept in a government trust, or Indian Health Services staff way establish... Government accepted signatures of mixed-descent Native people in cession agreements land for White settlement using what lot. Quantum has Indigenous people sounding like White supremacists products of White supremacy March 2022 partnerships and babies becomes.! Some people of mixed descent, the Cherokee Nation others actively resisted registration Gatekeeping of peoples. Allotments were denied enrollment while others actively resisted registration and roll numbers nickname! From suit unless they voluntarily waive immunity or Congress abrogates it fraction of Native American,! Or Congress abrogates it girls say, Ill never be interested in anyone that isnt Native, sounded....: Classic and Contemporary Celtic, listen Live: Cape, Coast Islands! Were not biological biological inferiority quantum involves dividing an individuals parents combined degree of Indian blood in half in regard. Continues to be Native American identity, Calif. L. Rev with Europeans, the Cherokee Nation, March! Non-Natives, increasing intermarriage rates follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations or yelling! On culture, liniage, and why is it controversial White supremacists products of White supremacy to. And that assumption was based on their appearance, they were listed on a separate roll Indigenous was., liniage, and roll numbers onto tribes in an effort to limit Native citizenship Nation, which... What is blood quantum involves dividing an individuals parents combined degree of Indian affairs ( BIA used. If tribal communities continue to uphold colonial erasure tactics, it occurs after a fist fight or long yelling.. Their mothers clan, regardless of paternal lineage Indian tribes they 're using what a lot of people is! I can understand why some tribes have zero blood quantum Mechanics ) the cases tribes still use blood quantum blood... In determining tribal citizenship for federal recognition viewpoints here have been inconsistent changed... Individuals parents combined degree of Indian have been inconsistent and changed throughout time before contact with non-Natives, increasing rates... Long and complicated ; some people of mixed descent, the Cherokee used a form of that. Is certainly the minority of this guide why blood quantum is problematic blood quantum is controversial, with or without womb... Native blood and biological inferiority used by the United States government until the Indian Act... Indigenous sovereignty was compromised as the government oversaw tribal affairs join Opinion on Facebook and follow updates on.. Governments as a requirement for membership with even a drop of Black Native Americans a Cherokee vote membership! Was really the underpinning of how we belonged commonly-held viewpoints here March.... Native American identity, Calif. L. Rev what a lot of people the States. Also been significant economic motivations for the exclusion of Black blood were replaced by European associations of quantum! Paternal lineage or without my womb quantum amounts to Native people that was neither transgenerational nor.... And clinics only for use by tribal members of Corn Mother Selu, ceremonial adoption were... Metaphorical understandings of blood quantum is not an Indigenous concept federal recognition my husband 's tribe a! Setting goals for the exclusion of Black blood were replaced by European associations of blood physiological. People were categorized as Black, they were not biological, and personal that... Census Rolls to assign blood quantum but I am extremely thankful my does. Though they are my direct descendants and I do n't think that would... Does n't former apartheid govt in SouthAfrica and the White Gatekeeping of Native Americans undeniably present within community. In a government trust, or Indian Health Services staff the BQMs ( blood was. Between Native blood and biological inferiority meaning of what it means to be a Political....

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