outline two ethical issues from loftus and palmer research

Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(2), 291. var domainroot="www.simplypsychology.org" They suggest these two sources of information work together to create the memory, which is what they suggest happened in their second experiment to lead some participants to believe that there was broken glass. The finding from Deception however, is against the ethical standards set by the British Psychological Association. Social implication one Participants who were asked the smashed question thought the cars were going faster than those who were asked the hit question. The Latest Innovations That Are Driving The Vehicle Industry Forward. Apply the theory of Reconstructive Memory. consistently show leading questions can distort the memory on an individual. Juries are very convinced by eyewitness testimony and will tend to return guilty verdicts, when there has been an Their aim was to test their hypothesis of language used in eyewitness testimony can affect or alter memory. One group was given this question while the other four groups were given the verbs smashed, collided, contacted or bumped, instead of hit. As the study One limitation of the research is that it lacked mundane realism / ecological validity. They watched 7 films of traffic accidents, which ranged from 5-30 seconds. Loftus and Palmer's conclusions. show the effect of leading questions of memory. represented on graphs and charts and also allows them This is a Premium document. Loftus and Palmer Eyewitness Testimony Study (1974). This research suggests memory is easily distorted by the questions asked and any information acquired after the event as these can merge with original memory causing inaccurate recall or reconstructive memory . The misleading information in the loftus and palmer study was when the participants were given different verbs in their question. remembering so they would have a better recall than those who are not students. You'll balance pursuing important research objectives with using ethical research methods and procedures. It is reasonable to argue that the students in their experiment were less experienced drivers, who may be less accurate at estimating speeds. and hit which suggests that the results are reliable. This is because a computer doesnt change dependent variable (DV). more accurate results and find out whether it was response bias that affected peoples memory or was it memory 461 Words. The participants knew they were taking part in a psychology experiment. Loftus and Palmer. Again, (1998) Context-Dependent Memory, Bocchiaro et al., (2012) Disobedience &, Baron-Cohen et al (1997) Autism Eyes Task, AS Level OCR Psychology H167 Core Studies, Health and Clinical Psychology OCR A2 Unit Revision, Casey et al., (2011) Behavioural and Neural Correlates of Delay of Gratification, Forensic Psychology Masters Programmes MSc, Memon and Higham (1999) Cognitive Interview, Hall & Player (2008) Fingerprint Analysis. It is the account of an event which a person has witnessed. Thus, the IV was the wording of the question and the DV was the speed reported by the participants. Findings: The speed that the eyewitnesses reported was affected by the particular verb that was used, since the verb implied information about the speed. One of the problems one encounters when conducting psychological research is considering the extent to which the research depends upon being unethical. Psychology Revision for Component 2 OCR ethical issues ethical issues can you be unethical for the benefits of the study? question. Independent variable: verb used in the critical question: About how fast were the cars going when they verb into each other?. This in turn, affected the participants memory of the accident. They found that misleading information did not alter the memory of people who had witnessed a real armed robbery. matter where you are or what culture you are. watching the video, they were all asked to describe in their, own words what they had just seen and then answer some, questions. Secondly, it aims to make sure that the researchers have informed consent. Loftus & Palmer (1974) . What this basically means is whether a particular behavior is due to a persons individual personality or is it The hypothesis is that the verb smashed in the question will cause the participants to recall higher estimates of speed in km/h compared to the control group who answered the question with the verb contacted. The participants can be deceived into believing something that isnt there or isnt true. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); data being used. reasons. critical question which was, About how fast were the Outline the possible sampling technique that may have been used in this study. Thirdly, it allows the participants an opportunity to remove their results from the study. A 4-mark "apply" question awards 4 marks for AO2 (Application) and gives you a piece of stimulus material. They concluded that there was two possibilities for this However, in some way we degree that it is impossible to separate them - in effect we only Despite these questions the witnesses . The participants in Loftus (1979) were deceived as they were led to believe it was a real situation, this it may have caused psychological harm to the participant. University of Washington formed an opportunity sample. 5 What was the Loftus and Palmer study about? After conducting a second experiment, they got more valid and reliable results, which can be used to for this reason we can say that participants have the freewill to make the decisions that they make. can happen at any time. www.simplypsychology.org/loftus-palmer.html, Devlin Committee Report: Report of the Committee on Evidence of Identification in Criminal Cases, 1976 Cmnd 338 134/135, 42. students with the verb smashed recalled seeing broken The independent variable for th. To test this Loftus and Palmer (1974) asked people to estimate the speed of motor vehicles using different forms of questions. Seen as the study for Loftus and Palmer was carried on in a lab, it was highly reliable as everything was ', and the remaining 50 participants were not asked a question at all (i.e. Participants viewed video clips rather than being present at a real-life accident. Demand characteristics means during an experiment, a participant might pick up on some clue or bias from the researcher, the situation, or something about the experiment that gives the participant and idea of what type of response the researcher is looking for. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Findings: The estimated speed was affected by the verb used. You will also need this study for your OCR H567 A Level Psychology core studies exam. + Laboratory study the laboratory environment allows the researchers to control many aspects of the environment and experience of the participant, which reduces confounding variables and thus increases the internal validity of the study. Test one group of participants using the 'smashed' condition and the other group with the 'hit' condition. A week later these Therefore, they are less likely to know the speed at which the cars were travelling at so their estimates would They were asked specific questions, such as About how fast were the cars going when they (smashed/collided/bumped/hit/contacted) each other?. The participants were told that they would be participating in research on memory and learning, and they consented to take part based on that knowledge. DV and the full An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. distortion. 7 films of traffic accidents, ranging in duration from 5 to 30 seconds, were presented in a random order to each group. This example served to demonstrate some of the ways in which memory operates: by constructing and reconstructing information, based on what was observed and the previous information which we hold. However, using just had no question to do with speed estimates at all. Ecological validity the ecological validity in this study may be considered low because the study utilised laboratory experiments, which involved the participants watching videos of car crashes. are many factors, which make eyewitness testimony unreliable. Experiment two that its strongly not because of make. Hence; the wording of questions can actually distort someone's memory. characteristics, as they may have wanted to impress the experimenter. The informed part of this ethical principle is the most important part. This implies that misleading information may have a greater influence in the lab rather and that Loftus and Palmers study may have lacked ecological validity. The follow up study to the loftus and palmer study the one they conducted about whether or not the verb used in the original study would affect a week later whether or not they thought there was broken glass at the scene when asked. Quantitative data is numerical data. question would be more likely to incorrectly remember to this study is that in experiment two, when they were asked if they say broken glass, 121/150 people said they did not see broken With reference to alternative research findings, critically assess Loftus and Palmer's research into Leading questions. The researcher manipulates aspects of the environment in order to measure its impact on the participant's behaviour or performance - this is called the independent variable. may make you attend to the film in a different way. This could be embarrassing for the participants and may lead them to want to withdraw. The participants were then asked to describe what happened as if they witnessed the event. scientific as it meets the criteria for scientific research in the following ways: his study was held in a lab. to see whether by changing the verb in the question Required fields are marked *. The results received from the study were quantitative. The situational side of the debate shows how no matter how good a persons memory can be, a leading Her main focus has been on the influence of (mis)leading information in terms of both visual imagery and wording of questions in relation to eyewitness testimony. There is even a specialized discipline, research ethics, which studies these norms. All of the participants watched a video of a car crash and were then asked a specific question about the speed of the cars. both and gender. The task and the experiment was the same for everyone and werent Reconstructive memory is a theory of elaborate memory recall proposed within the field of cognitive psychology. This means that everything Therefore, for Loftus and Palmers study, we can say both individual and situational factors had an impact The verbs used in the question and the leading question has an affect experiment, they summed up all the results and came down to the conclusions of whether the estimates found in The debate that is being argued her is Reductionism trial judges be required to instruct juries that it is not safe to Estimating vehicle speed is something people are generally poor at and so they may be more open to suggestion. The loftus and palmer study can be challenged on demand characteristics because the experiment was carried out in a laboratory, therefore the students may have reacted to demand characteristics. All 45 participants were shown the same seven film clips of different traffic accidents which were originally made as part of a driver safety film. Who are the participants in Experiment 2 by Loftus and Palmer? Their sample consisted of 45 American students, who were divided into five groups of nine. A case study of eyewitness memory of a crime. He joined Loftus in experimenting how leading questions can affect eyewitness accounts. causing the participants to re-evaluate their memories. This may be an incomplete account of the information that goes in to creating memories, as they have not considered pre-event information, which may affect how individuals process the information of the event and the information after an event. Loftus (1978) carried out a second similar experiment; with the aim to see if participants would inaccurately recall an event if fed misleading questions, compared to those who had not been otherwise influenced. Loftus, and Palmer found out after conducting experiment one, is that the estimate speed at which the cars were, impact on the estimate speed. Loftus and // ]]> Loftus and Palmers (1974) study consisted of two laboratory experiments. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. evidence such as Loftus, the Devlin Report (1976) recommended He was especially interested in the characteristics of people whom he considered to have achieved their potential as individuals. Findings: Participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they smashed were more likely to report seeing broken glass. By Dr. Saul McLeod, updated 2014. This paper will examine the alleged ethical violations connected to one research paper. It refers to an account given by people of an event they have witnessed. Why was each group of participants shown the 7 video clips (of car accidents) in a different order? guidelines in for police questionning of witnesses and suspects. Many of the greatest psychological studies have been hugely unethical. Taking part in this experiment will help us greatly, and will not take more than half an hour of your time. Reasons why diffusion of responsibility was not found: and weaknesses). [CDATA[ There was a critical question about speed: One group of 50 participants was asked, About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? Another group of 50 was asked, About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other? The third group of 50 did not have a question about vehicular speed. What are the ethical issues in Loftus and Palmers study? Outline & Evaluate Zimbardo's research into conformity to social roles (12/16 marks) A01: Paragraph 1: Outline the procedures of the Stanford Prison Experiment A01: Paragraph 2: Outline the findings of the Stanford Prison Experiment. Procedure experiment 2: Experiment 2: 150 participants watched a one minute clip of a multiple car collision. Giving participants the right to withdraw does not just informing them that they can leave the studyat any time, but also informing them that they have the right to withdraw their results from the study at any time. The sample in experiment 2 consisted of 150 undergraduate psychology students from the University of Washington. quantitative data can be a disadvantage, as it doesnt allow us to see all aspects of the study. Memory Distortion the verb used in the procedure). They did this by asking the participants to estimate the speed of cars using different forms of questions. independent measure. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. The findings into Eyewitness testimony were that research suggests that memory is easily distorted by questioning technique and information acquired after the event can merge with original memory causing inaccurate recall or reconstructive memory. Everything was standardized and the procedure was One factor that might affect memory is previous Just like the first experiment there was a critical, how fast were the cars going when they SMASHED into, question, About how fast were the cars going when they, 150 participants were called back and were asked 10. But I have tried to make the two halves - Description and Evaluation - evenly balanced. It is also important because it prevents the participants from feeling embarrassed about their results. This investigation was a partial . This has important implications for the questions used in police interviews of eyewitnesses. par | Mai 29, 2022 | use roku tv as second monitor wireless | is electrical decomposition of sodium chloride exothermic or endothermic | Mai 29, 2022 | use roku tv as second monitor wireless | is electrical decomposition of sodium chloride exothermic or endothermic The participants in the smashed condition reported the highest speed estimate (40.8 mph), followed by collided (39.3 mph), bumped (38.1 mph), hit (34 mph), and contacted (31.8 mph) in descending order. [CDATA[ in the Loftus and Palmer study, we can argue both sides of this debate. People who got the verb smashed, recalled seeing glass than those who had the verb hit or, had no question to do with speed estimates at all. contacted had a much lower speed estimate at 31%. experiment was using different verbs in the critical In this example, I didnt know exactly what I saw, but I used my previous knowledge to make a guess about what I saw. Therefore allowing them to determine the cause and effect i.e words used in the questions caused differences in recall, and because it was conducted in a laboratory experiment, any interested investigators who wish to further investigate Loftus & Palmer study can easy replicate the study. younger people may have different views and estimates of the car crash. This doesnt mean that the participant is right, just that something makes them act in a way they think is what the researcher wants and not necessarily in their normal manner. The addition of false details to a memory of an event is referred to as confabulation. Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. 1 advantage of experimental research is that it demonstrates a causal relationship. This experiment glass whereas, 34/50 students did not recall seeing Loftus and Palmer tested this in their second experiment. // . This study is a replication of a study by Loftus and Palmer in 1974. Therefore we can say the IV did Discrimination and Harassment. 6.2.5 (Ethical issues - BPS Guidelines) 6.3.1 (Classic study: Loftus & Palmer, 1974) 4.0 The student will: (predict, evaluate) 4.1 Evaluate post event information and weapon focus as influences on witness accuracy, The . 4 How many participants were in Loftus and Palmers study? The British Psychological Society (BPS) and the American Psychological Association (APA) have provided an ethical framework for psychologists to attempt to adhere to when conducting psychological research. The general conclusion that Loftus & Palmer made from the two experiments is that the way in which questions about He joined Loftus in experimenting how leading questions can affect eyewitness accounts. To whom it may concern, You have been chosen to participate in an IB Psychology experiment. John Palmer graduated from Duke University with a B.A. This implies that misleading information may have a greater influence in the lab rather and that Loftus and Palmer's study may have lacked ecological validity. Explanation of ethical issue two Unethical because before the study begins the researcher must outline to the participants what the research is about, and then ask their consent to take part. The sample in experiment 1 consistedof 45 undergraduate psychology students from the University of Washington. One group of participants were given this question and the other four groups were given either the verb 'collided', 'bumped', 'hit' or 'contacted' in the place of the word 'smashed'. Outline two ethical issues in psychological research. It was manipulated by asking 50 students 'how fast were the car going when they hit each other? irretrievably altered by the leading questions. Loftus and Palmer (1974) illustrates that eyewitness testimony can be unreliable as people are often influenced by leading questions. 4c6a5403-d1fe-40bf-b06f-e31931e7a835 (image/jpeg) THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE ESTIMATES OF SPEED IN MPH WERE AGAIN HIGHER WHEN THE WORD SMASHED WAS USED. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); which were: like the first experiment, this also took place in a lab and we can argue both sides to this debate. It is difficult for people to estimate the speed a car is going, which is why it may be more open to suggestion. Of two laboratory experiments professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment the Loftus and Palmer more results... 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