cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?

British Geological Survey. In African semi-arid savannas, surface-water is a heterogeneously distributed, limiting resource which becomes scarcer as the dry season progresses. Some groundwater in deeper aquifers contains low oxygen and corresponding high iron and even hydrogen sulphate gas (Mafany and Fandong 2006). 2017) and organic pollution (Sanou et al. Jacobss index of seasonal prey preference estimated from confirmed lion kills and faecal samples. Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR). Kill sites were classified based on the forensic evidence of a kill. This is the equivalent of the Bima sandstone of the Upper Benue basin in Nigeria (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Medium Bovidae contributed least in the late dry season (Fig. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. Botswana is a water stress country which has fresh water resources between 1000-1700m 3 per person per year [1] [2] [3]. 2017. Ten hairs could not be identified (2% of all hairs collected). Because of this water activity the front quarters of the Okavango Delta lions are more developed than those of other lions. Call us to speak to an experienced safari planner. Laboratoire de Biomtrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5558, Universit Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, Bt Gregor Mendel, Villeurbanne, France, Affiliation: The least mineralised groundwater overall is in basement aquifers. Groundwater usually has low mineral content, with total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and conductivities generally between 30 and 350 uS/cm. Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. From buffalo to hippo and even adult elephant the there are prides that have adapted to preying on all. Cameroons location on the atlantic coast in central africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. Some of the most mineralised groundwater is in volcanic aquifers, but the most mineralised are springs in the Mamf basin that are related to evaporites. Large carnivores inhabiting ecosystems with heterogeneously distributed environmental resources with strong seasonal variations frequently employ opportunistic foraging strategies, often typified by seasonal switches in diet. Small antelopes contributed 1% to lion diet by relative biomass consumed. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Faecal analysis revealed a higher number of species occurring in the lion diet (20 species), owing to the detection of more small prey items, unexpectedly including climbing mice (Dendromus spp.) Adult female mass for the different prey categories was 2275 kg for elephant (Loxodonta africana), 828 kg for giraffe, 513 kg for buffalo, 302 kg for zebra, 273 kg for the class medium Bovidae (see composition in Table 2), 157 kg for kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), 56 kg for the class Suidae (see composition in Table 2), and 11 kg for small antelopes (see composition in Table 2). In the Hwange ecosystem, lion habitat selection and movements are driven by waterholes [45] and lions appear to rotate their hunting behaviour between these different hunting grounds [46]. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. 1 being water and season. Cameroon has seen relatively high political and social stability since independence, with the same president since 1982. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. Water Practice and Technology. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. The Project was supported by the Eppley Foundation, Panthera Foundation and the kind generosity of Rivington and Joan Winant, Adrian Gardiner and the Lilian Jean Kaplan Foundation. Like the continent includes the islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and thus! Required fields are marked *. As such, the regular need to access drinking water constrains the movement of herbivores, and hence their distribution in the dry season [9][12]. Most women and many children walked 10-15km every day just to retrieve unclean, contaminated water from sources also used by cattle and wildlife for drinking and bathing. A particularly beautiful and bountiful antelope with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the dust. 2009). They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. Has its source in the water quality in Cameroon, the Lion Fund! Cameroon is rich in national parks and wildlife reserves, including the Waza National Park in the north (which contains both forest and savanna animals), the Dja Faunal Reserve (a UNESCO World Heritage site), and the Campo Ma'an National Park in the southwest (which has elephants, hippos, leopards, and plenty of primates). Much of Cameroons energy comes from hydroelectric power from rivers in the south of the country, with the remainder from oil-powered power stations. Jacobss indices (kill and faecal data) revealed that buffalo were preferred in all seasons (Fig. 2). It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally bounce these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. We're sorry. What are specific water sources the Lions exploit? Juveniles represented a high proportion of the zebras taken by lions in all seasons. There are a number of natural lakes in Cameroon. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Please cite this page as: Upton, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018. A complex of granites, micaschists and migmatites. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 2009). 2020 WWF - World Wide Fund For Nature 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund) WWF is a WWF Registered Trademark Creative Commons license. Jacobss indices based on kills also revealed that female lions showed also a preference for kudu, medium Bovidae and Suidae in all seasons (Fig. The river is fed by two major tributaries (Pende River and Ouham-Pende) and drains into Chari River. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. Livestock agriculture and fishing are also important, and the commercial bushmeat trade is large enough to threaten wildlife. It was not until the recent century where the conditions of lions in captivity have improved. For females, some seasonal differences were detected due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season, compensated for by an increase in secondary prey consumption, mainly kudu and medium Bovidae. Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. 7 RIVERS AND WATERFALLS Three other major rivers are the Djrem, Bnuo, and Nyong. Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon. Zeke Davidson, Others walk over two kilometres to get the precious liquid. Yevalla, G-M S, Blaise B B, Emmanuel M, Seth R E, Beka T and Tabod T C. 2020. (2013) Seasonal Diet and Prey Preference of the African Lion in a Waterhole-Driven Semi-Arid Savanna. A BGR project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) investigated groundwater quality related to health in Yaound and produced a number of reports. Mafany GT and Fantong WY. More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website. In Hwange, the vegetation is primarily woodland and bushland and open grassland areas are scarce but often associated with waterhole areas [49]. The city of Harare is supplied with water from Lakes Chivero and Darwendale or Manyame river, Seke and Harava dams on the outskirts of the city. The importance of buffalo was more pronounced for male lions, which corroborates findings from other studies [39]. Male lions showed a preference for medium Bovidae in the early dry and wet seasons, and for Suidae in the late dry and wet seasons (Fig. Logone is a river stretching for 621 miles shared by Chad, Central African Republic, and Cameroon where it serves as an international border. Most groundwater in Cameroon is thought to be of good natural inorganic quality. Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin. This page was last modified on 10 November 2022, at 14:15. They are described in the relevant sections below. The best yields are found where fractured rocks are overlain with a thick weathered zone or thick alluvium. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? feeding locations) of African lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes, where there is a strong seasonal variation in both surface-water availability and forage quality [22]. Hence male and female data were analysed separately. 2). Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. Quantifying predator diets is an essential step to understand not only predator ecology, but also the influence that predators have on their prey populations [1], [2]. Chari provides an outstanding home for some fish species including nile and perch, making it an important fishing ground for many local communities. Seasonal variation in the relative contribution by different prey species to lion kills, for males (M) and females (F), distinguishing age class proportions. Consequently, waterhole areas are attractive for all herbivores in the dry season and attractive for grazers in the wet season, which corresponds to the period when most grazers have their young. 3A). : 19 192 m3/year, Per Capita in 2005 As in data were modified to ensure consistency with water resources data. Found in the southeast, and north of the Adamaoua, around Poli, this is made up of a series of schists-amphibolites with intercalations of quartzitic sandstones and phyllites. With 208 km 3 of renewable water resources, only 1 km 3 is used for drinking water. 1). In our study, lions preyed mainly on elephant juveniles at the end of the dry season of a very dry year (October-November 2005), supporting previous findings that young elephants make up an unusually large proportion of lion prey in Hwange in the dry season during years of low rainfall [19]. In semi-arid ecosystems, herbivore distribution is generally more homogeneous in the wet season, when surface water is abundant, than in the dry season when only permanent sources remain. GWP (Global Water Partnership). More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). This suggested that surface-water resources form passive traps and contribute to the structuring of lion foraging behaviour. Given the propensity of kill investigations to be biased towards large prey, this is likely an underestimation and it should be considered that juvenile zebra are highly selected for by lions. Captivity have improved contains low oxygen and corresponding high iron and even hydrogen sulphate gas ( Mafany Fantong. Indices ( kill and faecal samples making it an important fishing ground for many local communities review Please... 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