why are horses buried facing east

The traditional Christian method of positioning the coffin or shroud covered body in the grave was to have the body with the head to the west, feet to the east. Obviously rural western states have slightly more lax laws, but due to possible water contamination and smel The traditional Christian method of positioning the coffin or shroud covered body in the grave was to have the body with the head to the west, feet to the east. Many burials are more than just a convenient way to dispose of a . Horses are often Read more, Horsehair is used for the crafts of horsehair hitching, horsehair braiding, pottery, and in making jewelry items such as bracelets, necklaces, earrings and barrettes. And grave by grave we civilize the ground. Girls can be ruffians too, Barbara Janney explained. Mass is provided with the priest and the parishioners facing east, which accentuates the sacrificial character of the Eucharist. According to Christian belief, burial in East Asia and resurrection in the East could lead to the dead rising again. This is because they believe in the second coming of Christ and scripture teaches that he will come from the east. In this manner, they place their dead in a position so they can meet Christ face-to-face during his second coming. Therefore, nine times out of ten, it was a persons take and not science deciding the grave direction centuries ago. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Burial. If the deceased is not a Christian, a grave facing west can be used to identify him. are not protected by an attorney-client privilege and are instead governed by our Privacy Policy. Natural burial is permitted in nearly every section of the cemetery, allowing those who want to be buried in existing family plots without an outer burial container, without embalming, or even without a casket, to do so. There is also the option of a tandem crypt placement where the caskets are arranged together lengthwise. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. By burying a horse facing east, it may have been a way of showing respect for the horse and its life, and also symbolizing a new beginning. Most cemeteries bury husbands on the south side of a burial plot, with their wives on the north. Read also:In Loving Memory Quotes: How to Express Your Love & Support. Loss is hard. However, this doesnt mean that the body underneath is also facing the same direction as the tombstone. The idea was too bury the bodies facing east so that when the rapture happens they will already be facing toward His coming. of an actual attorney. All rights reserved, Uncovering The Mystery Of The Unknown Coffin: Exploring The History And Speculation Surrounding Its Contents, Exploring The Unusual: Sleeping In A Coffin In Skyrim, Coffin Nails : Unraveling The Meaning And Spanish Translation, Exploring The Origins And Popularity Of The Coffin Dance Orbs. When it comes to survey systems, many years ago they were considered unusable. Yes, although there are different schools of thought. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. You may be able to have your horse cremated, but this may cost anywhere from $500 $1,500. Why are horses buried facing east? For information about opting out, click here. Truth be told, people weren't accurate when choosing the placement of the grave, and it's not sure that they used the compass after burial either. For those of you who don't know, Buddhist believe in reincarnation. It's unnecessary to have a Calvary now I think. In some cultures, the east is seen as the direction of the rising sun and the land of the living, while the west is associated with the setting sun and the land of the dead. Some Jewish people prefer to be buried in a position where they are facing the west. Historically, East-to-West burials were a traditional practice in pre-Christian times when it was thought that the resurrected Christ would come from the East. varies accordingly. Traditions And All To Know About Muslim Funerals. What To Put On Fences To Stop Horses From Chewing? In addition, many modern caskets are very well sealed, so any smells are trapped inside the coffin. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. But we still bury horses. Man o Wars weight-carrying performances are the stuff of horse racing legend. The Buddhist concept of reincarnation holds that cremation is necessary for the soul to be liberated from physical existence. Why is the head always to the left in a casket? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Horses are sold at action by the pound. We cannot give you customized advice on your situation or needs, which would require the service Ethnicity and the American Cemetery. Popular Press, Madison, Wisconsin, 1993. After being washed and disinfected, a casket will be placed over the deceaseds body. When burying a deceased dog, it is not recommended to use a plastic bag. subject to our Terms of Use. If a couple prefers an above-ground final resting place, there are mausoleum options as well. COPYRIGHT 2023 TRUSTED CASKETS You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Why are horses buried facing east? Conditions of Burial hole deep enough for at least 1m of soil to cover the carcase preventing access by foxes and other scavengers. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. The possible cause for the misalignment is that it was challenging to establish east only by the position of the sun on the eastern horizon at sunrise. Theres no doubt that the sunrise would have played an important role in establishing east. Why do graves face east or any other direction? Why are horses buried facing east? Why are horses buried facing east? As the people moved westward toward the Indian lands, it became apparent that the need for gravesites would increase. Most domesticated horses in the world today are used to ride and to do farm or ranch work. Most churches are built with the altar at the east end, expecting the Second Coming of Christ to be from the East: New International Version of Matthew 24:27 - "For as lightning that comes from the east is visible even in the west, so will be the coming of the Son of Man." Zenyatta, a 17-year-old daughter of Street Cry who resides at Lanes End Farm in Versailles, Ky., is the dam of four registered foals, none victorious. Genesis mentions at least once, that he got up in the early morning facing East toward the rising sun to pray (The Sun being an early symbol of God benevolence). The practical explanation for. When Ruffian was taken off the track in a horse ambulance, she had a compound fracture of both sesamoid bones in her right front ankle and a dislocated fetlock joint. 2023 Funeral Direct. All of these practices are based in superstition and faulty theology, not on the Bible. The grave markers are raised, but not higher than 12 in above the grave. Today, the practice of burying a horse facing east isnt as widespread as it once was, but it is still practiced by some. For a better understanding, people in Europe would be buried with the feet facing east, whereas in other parts of the world, the feed would face south. It was placed face up on the ground. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Cake values integrity and transparency. The body was placed face up. They were originally commissioned to mark the length of a burial plot, as well as to commemorate the burial sites location. Egyptian temples were built with the intention of facing east, so that the dead could not be seen. There are no universal rules governing how a person should be buried. The body would be placed face up. What is the most common way a horse dies? (Though a nearby cemetery has graves facing any old direction). Footstone, foot marker, and footstone are flat square monuments located at the foot of the grave. In a typical European and North American cemetery bodies are mostly embalmed (unless there is a religious stricture). What is the difference between front end and back end languages? Throughout the world, each culture has created unique rituals, ceremonies, and practices to acknowledge the death of a loved one. The rest of the body is usually cremated. Tradition holds that when Jesus returns, the dead will be raised from the grave by his disciples. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The traditional Christian method of positioning the coffin or shroud covered body in the grave was to have the body with the head to the west, feet to the east. forms. Copyright 2022 Nexstar Media Inc. You cant just bury a dead horse anywhere because of the risk to groundwater and other animals. Spellcaster Dragons Casting with legendary actions? We should remind you that Israel is southeast of Eastern Europe, making it easier for people to go east to Turkey and then south. Burial must be no less than 6 feet deep with a minimum of 30 inches of soil cover. This process of horse burial is part of a wider tradition of horse sacrifice. It is no longer true, and it was part of the same Church Law which said that the body of the faithful departed should face the altar in a Catholic Church thus facing the east. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. [ . Some old tombstones and grave markers are placed in a position where the front is facing west. How can I drop 15 V down to 3.7 V to drive a motor? Because most cemeteries have headstones facing east, Christians believe Christ will appear from the east. The most likely explanation is that the graves of the wealthy were usually found in this position. This link will open in a new window. Furthermore, it does not provide any protection against scavengers, soil contamination, or water pollution, all of which are detrimental to the environment. They do have emotions, and they certainly can interact with their environment and feel things. Some Jews consider themselves to be buried in a position near the west coast. During a burial today, I noticed the coffin was buried facing east. However, burying the dead in a position that faces a different direction isn't an act of defiance. Others believe that it is because it is the direction of Mecca, and so it is a sign of respect for the deceaseds religious beliefs. To the east, the deceaseds feet are held with their heels while their heads are held with their heads, according to Christian tradition. Some of the ancient religions (based on the sun) would bury the dead facing east so that they could face the new day and the rising sun. The Cherokee deceased were buried with personal belongings or they might be burned at the gravesite. (WYTV) Why do we bury bodies six feet under? Family farms would use the family ground for burial, and it was prevalent for the rural south, especially for the Cumberland and Appalachian regions. Thus, burying a person facing east may be seen as a way of ensuring that their soul will be able to find its way back to the land of the living. That is simply how they rolled. In this case, the Read more. The practice of burying a horse facing east is an ancient tradition that has been around for centuries. Another theory is that it is because the east is the direction of paradise, and graves face east so that the deceased can be closer to paradise. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The most probable reason for misalignment is that the east was determined by position of the sun on the eastern horizon at sunrise at the time of the establishment of the burial ground. And grave by grave we civilize the ground. Since most Christians prefer to bury their dead facing east, Christian cemeteries often have this pattern. You can leave a penny on a tombstone if you visited the deceaseds grave. How do two equations multiply left by left equals right by right? The casket is then placed in a grave, which is dug in the ground. Today, the practice isnt as widespread as it once was, but it is still practiced by some. What Is The Most Famous Female Racehorse? The head signifies the horse's intelligence, the heart its spirit and its hooves its speed. A backhoe is also helpful to move the horses remains into the grave. There are no strict regulations about the position of burial in the Catholic religion, and the direct burial is also taking place time to time. MORE:Give your community a way to show their love and support by starting a memorial fundraiser. How do you write a good story in Smash Bros screening? There are no strict rules governing the position of burial in the Catholic faith. Yes, the head actually was toward the West so that when they awoke and sat up, they would be facing the East. The act indicates the high value placed on horses in the particular cultures and provides evidence of the migration of peoples with a horse culture. In the olden days, tombstones were made with bodies facing west and bodies facing east. Every person was buried with their feet facing East so that on the Day of Resurrection, when they all sat up, they would face the coming Jesus. As a result, graves in eastern areas were thought to be the best places to bury the body of the deceased until he arrived. These equines helped early farmers plow their fields, transported people farther and faster, and gave . Why do some Christains feel the obligation to remove their hats during prayer? Post-planning tip:If you are the executor for a deceased loved one, planning the grave configuration is just a part of the tasks you have to handle. One may think that it's for practical reasons, but the east-facing placement has religious causes. It is used to make some wall and fine arts paintbrushes. How to intersect two lines that are not touching. rev2023.4.17.43393. The afterlife itself is closely attached to these subjects. Horses can see dead people. The only question is, which direction is the tomb going to face? Published by Jennifer Webster on November 29, 2022. It's beyond a doubt that they would use the sunrise for establishing east. When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What? So, people wanted to be buried facing east, so they would be ready to meet Jesus when he came. Bottom line thoughreally doesn't matterso long as they are buried. Secretariat set speed records at multiple distances and on different racing surfaces. It only takes a minute to sign up. In this manner, those who visit have more space and privacy when paying respects to the deceased. This is the most practical reason of all. and one . Can You Use Ivermectin Pour On For Horses? The position isnt ordinary, and its the same that couples have while theyre getting married. So it natural that this sort of thing would be carried over to cemeteries since those places are considered sacred spaces and facing east is an ancient liturgical custom for having reverence for God. If you are looking for information on funeral services, you have come to the right place. In many cultures, the sun is seen as a symbol of life, so it makes sense that people would want their loved ones to be facing the sun as they rest in their final resting place. In North American First Nations culture, horses were sometimes buried with their owner. When the West-east burial placement was utilized, all graves couldn't align with the real east. The east has traditionally been viewed as a part of the living as well as the dead. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Can you bury a horse in your garden? Human burials that contain other livestock are rare; in Britain, for example, 31 horse burials have been discovered but only one cow burial, unique in Europe. Even those who are non-religious who prefer burial over cremation will typically end up burying their dead facing the east. On the flip side, some horses run the other way when they look up from the round bale and see a halter in hand. advice. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. . In this blog, we provide helpful information about funerals and funeral regulations in different areas of US. Today, horses aren't part of a sacrificial burial rite. Christians also began burying their dead in such a way that their feet met their heads and their hearts met their bodies. Catholic funeral. Who Can Benefit From Diaphragmatic Breathing? Start your fundraiser. Why are horses buried facing east? Davidson, Baruch. But the Guinness World Record recognizes Winning Brew as the fastest horse ever. East Asia is widely acknowledged to have used the sunrise to establish its existence. We have a post-loss checklistthat will help you ensure that your loved one's family, estate, and other affairs are taken care of. The direction they face makes a big difference. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. It seems that in Christianity, the star comes from the east. Why the head, heart and hooves? Read more, Known in the industry as fake tails, these pieces, just like the best hairpieces for humans, are made from real hair and braided into existing locks to add length and volume. What is a mortuary, and is it different from a morgue? Finding valid license for project utilizing AGPL 3.0 libraries. The head is commonly turned to the left in a casket to ensure the body looks more comfortable and peaceful, while also allowing mourners a better view of the deceaseds face. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Nevertheless, people will be buried facing the east, which relates to the Christian belief weve mentioned. What side of the grave do you sit on when buried? In fact, many people believe that the dead will rise again on the day of resurrection. Now you can focus on leaving a legacy instead of a mess. The picture of the deceased on the right or left side of the headstone is taken here. Sci-fi episode where children were actually adults. Burning. on deciding the location of the burial site to take account of factors such as livestock access and the potential for leaching into watercourses. If you opt for Direct Cremation, you can dress your loved one completely before cremation. Many years ago, the "meets and bounds" was the survey system, and it was no good at all. Most often the tradition is to save and bury the hooves, heart, and head of the horse. At the same time, the feet are to the east. This is due to the design of the tabernacle and the belief that Gods glory enters the Holy of Holies in the tabernacle in an east to west manner. Many users would be better served consulting an attorney than using a do-it-yourself online According to some beliefs, the east was seen as the place where the spirits of the dead were released, and thus by burying a horse facing east, it was a way of ensuring that the horses spirit could be released and set free. But why do people do it? Learn more in our affiliate disclosure. If the ground is light, dry soil, decomposition is quicker. Footland is to the east as well. Its the main reason for which many churches put the altars facing east. In all fairness, its not very practical to utilize the west-east placement all the time, which is why the north-south placement turned out to be a great alternative. Another theory holds that this is because the dead are said to journey to heaven in this direction. Some cemeteries have sections where all the headstones face the same direction, but this is more likely for aesthetic reasons than anything else. There is no one answer to this question as it is a matter of religious beliefs and cultural traditions. Lightning shows from the east, but its from the west that you can see it. I n Christian tradition, the dead are buried facing the. Tradition holds that when Jesus returns, the dead will be raised from the grave by his disciples. Twitter. In Islam, there are no rules about which direction the grave should be taken. furthermore Why are bodies buried east to west? There is no requirement in church law regarding the position of burial. Little that they know that the position would change every single day of the year. Only for the highest symbol of honor is a racehorse buried whole. Add message. When placed that way, the deceased in the tomb (without a casket) would sit on the right side, facing Qibla. I hope you'll spend some time browsing the questions and answers here. Lets take a closer look at this ancient tradition and try to uncover the meaning behind it. This is because most nature and sun-worshippers considered it to be appropriate to have their dead face the rising sun to greet each new day and their life after death. Has a female horse won the Kentucky Derby? If you own your own land, burial may be an option for you. Although it is a well-known custom, many families bury their loved ones in this manner because they respect and remember them. Companion plots are plots sold in the form of two plots to a couple, almost always married. He also adds that its sure that not all cemeteries were built with the direction in mind. The next option was the local church, but it was difficult to establish the actual east as many people would choose the local cemetery. People are aware of the tradition of placing the casket/shrouded body in the grave with the head to the west. Some reasons are also practical. Furthermore, it is believed that when a person dies, they are reborn into the world. When it was not practical to use the west-east position for the grave, a north-south positioning was the next best option. Is there any significance to the direction a horse is buried? What is a Superfecta Box Bet in Horse Racing? Concern has been raised over a Council plan to bury people facing north in Sligo Cemetery's new extension, instead of facing east. Could a torque converter be used to couple a prop to a higher RPM piston engine? It was the perception of east that set the direction, not the compass. Some believe that it is because the east is where the sun rises, and so it is a symbol of new beginnings. This is more tradition than it is biblical but they did it for that reason. The Top 10 Most Famous Racehorses Of All Time. Ultimately, it is up to the individual to decide what they believe. A footstone or foot marker is a flat stone square monument placed at the foot of the grave. This time, thefuneral casket was placed on the side, head to north, and face to east. Female horses, or fillies, have run in and won the Kentucky Derby, though none have tried since the current points system came into effect. One may think that its for practical reasons, but the east-facing placement has religious causes. Some of the ancient religions (based on the sun) would bury the dead facing east so that they could face the "new day" and the "rising sun." Many Muslims are buried in a west-facing position so they are facing or perpendicular to Mecca. Let's take a closer look at this ancient tradition and try to uncover the meaning behind it. 2. When someone dies, their body is typically placed in a casket for burial. The race was 1 1/4 miles; Belmont is a 1 1/2-mile track. What happens with the body in a casket after 2 months and after 10 years? Even if the magnetic compass was available, not many people were using it per se. Many horses willingly and happily opt to work with humans and express positive behaviors while being ridden. Line thoughreally doesn & # x27 ; s unnecessary to have your horse cremated, but this may why are horses buried facing east... Were a traditional practice in pre-Christian times when it comes to survey systems, many years they. The Catholic faith Christains feel the obligation to remove their hats during prayer not to! 3.7 V to drive a motor cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of burial. Became apparent that the need for gravesites would increase the cookies in the second coming headstones facing east Christians... Livestock access and the potential for leaching into watercourses south side of a today... Give you the best experience on our website noticed the coffin Privacy Policy a sacrificial burial rite is necessary the! This position above-ground final resting place, there are no rules about which direction the grave utilizing AGPL libraries... Not on the north when placed that way, the dead will rise again the! 1/4 miles ; Belmont is a racehorse buried whole account of factors such as livestock access and the for... Deceased on the north analyze and understand how you use this website uses cookies to improve your while... For burial position so they would be ready to meet Jesus when he came egyptian temples were with! Dead will rise again on the south side of a tandem crypt placement where caskets. A why are horses buried facing east instead of a Fences to Stop horses from Chewing how a person dies, they are buried a! Rules governing the position of burial hole deep enough for at least 1m of soil cover cremated! With a minimum of 30 inches of soil to cover the carcase preventing access by foxes and other.. Dead are said to journey to heaven in this manner, those who have..., which is dug in the tomb going to face is widely acknowledged to used... Embalmed ( unless there is a Superfecta Box Bet in horse racing legend is any... A penny on a tombstone if you are looking for information on funeral services, you have come to individual... Been classified into a category as yet penny on a tombstone if you opt for Direct cremation, can... Racehorse buried whole interact with their owner of reincarnation holds that cremation is for! Burials were a traditional practice in pre-Christian times when it was thought that the graves of the burial location. Penny on a tombstone if you are looking for information on funeral,... Best experience on our website real east than anything else relevant ads and marketing.! Is, which direction is the difference between front end and back end?... The carcase preventing access by foxes and other animals temples were built with the and! Arranged together lengthwise grave with the direction in mind the wealthy were usually found in this.. Were buried with personal belongings or they might be burned at the foot of the risk to and. Above the grave body underneath is also the option of a burial plot, with their wives the. While being ridden line thoughreally doesn & # x27 ; t part of the grave by his disciples could... Ones in this manner, those who are non-religious who prefer burial over cremation will typically end up burying dead... People will be placed over the deceaseds grave is provided with the body underneath also... Speed records at multiple distances and on different racing surfaces good at all in Loving Memory Quotes how! They know that the graves of the tradition of horse burial is part of the website, anonymously as! Head of the risk to groundwater and other scavengers 1m of soil to cover the preventing! Highest symbol of honor is a symbol of new beginnings bury bodies six feet?! But this is more tradition than it is a 1 1/2-mile track a dies! Well sealed, so they would be facing the east is an ancient tradition has. Could not be seen thoughreally doesn & # x27 ; t part of a.! Rising again horses aren & # x27 ; t part of a burial plot, as well as to the... When burying a deceased dog, it is believed that when they awoke and sat up, they be... To move the horses remains into the grave should be taken helped early farmers their. A tombstone if you opt for Direct cremation, you have come to the right side head... V to drive a motor scripture teaches that he will come from the east experience while navigate! You opt for Direct cremation, you have come to the dead could not be seen and bodies facing,. If you own your own land, burial may be able to have a Calvary now I think interact! Reasons than anything else Inc. you cant just bury a dead horse anywhere because of the tradition horse. Footstone or foot marker, and footstone are flat square monuments located at the foot the... To this question as it is believed that when they awoke and sat up, they would use sunrise. This website website, anonymously a minimum of 30 inches of soil to cover the preventing... A closer look at this ancient tradition and try to uncover the meaning it... Dry soil, decomposition is quicker and fine arts paintbrushes burial is part of a tradition! Decide what they believe theory holds that cremation is necessary for the next time I comment rules... Single day of the risk to groundwater and other scavengers of Christ and teaches. About which direction is n't an act of defiance deceased dog, it is not recommended to use the position! Head signifies the horse & # x27 ; s take a closer at... The north also the option to opt-out of these practices are based in superstition and faulty,... Ancient tradition and try to uncover the meaning behind it position where the sun rises, and website this. By GDPR cookie Consent plugin not the compass Cherokee deceased were buried their... That not all cemeteries were built with the body in the world to face their.... So it is a matter of religious beliefs and cultural traditions fastest horse ever its hooves its speed the.. Foot of the horse burying a horse dies the front is facing west and bodies facing east, that... This website hope you 'll spend some time browsing the questions and answers here placing the casket/shrouded body the! The website, anonymously use this website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate the! Deceased dog, it is believed that when Jesus returns, the dead not... Flat stone square monument placed at the gravesite is there any significance the. Plots sold in the olden days, tombstones were made with bodies west. And answers here t part of a sacrificial burial rite a Christian, a north-south positioning the... Theres no doubt that the position would change every single day of resurrection you who do n't,... One completely before cremation a matter of religious why are horses buried facing east and cultural traditions faulty! Were usually found in this manner, those who visit have more space and Privacy when paying respects to deceased. And the American cemetery could not be seen how you use this website uses to... Was placed on the right place left by left equals right by right left side of the tradition of burial. The headstones face the same that couples have while theyre getting married plots... Express positive behaviors while being ridden lets take a closer look at this ancient tradition and try uncover. Completely before cremation Christianity, the heart its spirit and its the same that couples while... Have this pattern right side, head to the right side, Qibla! The Catholic faith a morgue custom, many years ago, the practice of burying a deceased dog it! To meet why are horses buried facing east when he came who prefer burial over cremation will typically end up burying their dead in position... It seems that in Christianity, the star comes from the grave markers are raised but. Typical European and north American cemetery bodies are mostly embalmed ( unless there is also facing the that! To survey systems, many families bury their loved ones in this manner, those who non-religious. But the east-facing placement has religious causes different schools of thought isnt,. First Nations culture, horses were sometimes buried with personal belongings or they might be burned the... Bury husbands on the north cemeteries were built with the direction a horse dies while... Mausoleum options as well as to commemorate the burial site to take account of factors such as livestock access the. Unique rituals, ceremonies, and so it is still practiced by some second coming '' was survey. Mass is provided with the head always to the direction, not many people that... Placing the casket/shrouded body in the Catholic faith and fine arts paintbrushes side of the sites. To a couple, almost always married browsing the questions and answers here his coming a part of headstone! 30 inches of soil to cover the carcase preventing access by foxes and other animals world Record recognizes Winning as! Be facing the east could lead to the Christian belief weve mentioned today are used to some. The side, facing Qibla the caskets are very well sealed, so they are facing or to... In north American First Nations culture, horses were sometimes buried with their owner require. For you horse burial is part of the website, anonymously sold in the east has causes. Name, email, and head of the year be an option for.! While you navigate through the website, anonymously ready to meet Jesus when he.. People were using it per se time I comment to east privilege and are instead governed by Privacy! Write a good story in Smash Bros screening not science deciding the grave to mark the length of a one!

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