state province algeria

Copyright 2000, 2001, 2003-2006, 2011, 2013-2015 by Gwillim Law. which in turn were subdivided into communes. In addition, some religious elements advocated restrictions on womens behavior, including freedom of movement. Since 1975, Algeria also has been the main recipient of Sahrawi refugees from the ongoing conflict in Western Sahara (today part of Morocco). They were Impunity for police and security officials remained a problem, but the government provided information on actions taken against officials accused of wrongdoing. The decision was in response to previous leaks of exam materials, which were posted on social media. Access to Asylum: While the law provides generally for asylum or refugee status, the government has not established a formal system through which refugees can request asylum. If organizations fail to provide required information to the government or attempt to operate with or accept foreign funds without authorization, they are subject to fines between DZD 2,000 and DZD 5,000 ($17 and $43) and up to six months imprisonment. For a second year, the government blocked access to social media sites, including Facebook and Twitter, for several days during nationwide high school exams. The law does not explicitly include this provision. )proven reserves: 59 million metric tons (2019 est. FIS membership is illegal. The law does not adequately cover migrant workers employed primarily in construction and as domestic workers. ), air pollution in major cities; soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming practices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum refining wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the pollution of rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in particular, becoming polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and fertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable water, party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban, particulate matter emissions: 35.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est. )116.594 (2018 est. )male: 41.3% (2020 est. In July 2017 authorities freed Kamel Eddine Fekhar, a human rights activist. Presidential term limits, which were eliminated in 2008, were reintroduced in the 2016 revision of the constitution and limit the president to two five-year terms. Note: total area has changed since Membership in the Islamic Salvation Front, a political party banned since 1992, remained illegal. )-$18.187 billion (2020 est. important position as a lingua franca, and place names have continued to be written in the Roman alphabet using French )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 104 (2020 est. Many trade unions remained unrecognized by the government; they identified delayed processing and administrative hurdles imposed by the government as the primary obstacles to establishing legal status. Furthermore, all public demonstrations, including protests and strikes, must receive prior government authorization. The military territory was divided into three Pursuant to the constitution, all parties must have a national base. The electoral law adopted by parliament in 2016 requires parties to have received 4 percent of the vote in the preceding election or to collect 250 signatures in the electoral district in order to appear on the ballot. Twelve new arrondissements created, making a total of 32. By law, children born to a Muslim father are Muslim, regardless of the mothers religion. Activists reported that some postings on social media could result in arrest and questioning; observers widely understood that the intelligence services closely monitored the activities of political and human rights activists on social media sites, including Facebook. Security forces routinely detained individuals who participated in unauthorized protests. Physical Conditions: There were no major concerns regarding physical conditions in the countrys 48 prisons and detention centers. Later marriages and a preference for smaller families are attributed to increases in women's education and participation in the labor market; higher unemployment; and a shortage of housing forcing multiple generations to live together. FIPS 10-4 Change Notice 12, dated 2007-06-11, showed the new provinces. There were five or six subdivisions. Censorship or Content Restrictions: Some major news outlets faced direct and indirect retaliation for criticism of the government. (I use "commune" to translate the French "commune," and "municipality" to )wine: 0.2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. An annex was the area dominated by a fort, and was part of a cercle. Police arrested blogger Merzoug Touati in January 2017 on charges stemming from his online publication of an interview with a former Israeli diplomat. Nevertheless, the law prohibits unions from associating with political parties and receiving funds from foreign sources. Amnesty International alleged that authorities sometimes detained individuals on security-related charges for longer than the 12-day prescribed period. The 89 organizations were given formal notices to abide by the law. Sexual Exploitation of Children: The law prohibits solicitation for prostitution and stipulates prison sentences of between 10 and 20 years when the offense is committed against a minor under age 18. Judges rarely refused requests to extend pretrial detention, which by law may be appealed. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor, c. Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment, d. Discrimination with Respect to Employment and Occupation, https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data.html. Alger: Algeri (Italian); Algiers (English); Algier (Danish, German); al-Jazair, al-Djazair, El Djazar (Arabic); Appeals may be made to the ministry, with no independent or judicial review provided for in the decree. Foreign Travel: The constitution states that the right to enter and exit the country is provided to citizens. Freedom of Expression: While public debate and criticism of the government were widespread, journalists and activists believed they were limited in their ability to criticize the government publicly on topics crossing unwritten red lines. Authorities arrested and detained citizens for expressing views deemed damaging to state officials and institutions, and citizens practiced self-restraint in expressing public criticism. Domestic violence remains a society-wide problem. The clause stipulates that if the victim forgives his or her aggressor, any legal action ceases. ), 112 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est. Authorities generally transferred pretrial detainees, after presenting them before the prosecutor, to prisons rather than holding them in separate detention facilities. Corruption throughout the government stemmed largely from a lack of transparent oversight. The Polisario (through the Sahrawi Red Crescent Society), UNHCR, WFP, UNICEF, and partner NGOs provided basic services including food aid, primary health care, and primary and secondary education, while the government invested heavily in developing the camps infrastructure and also provided free secondary and university educations, as well as advanced hospital care, to Sahrawi refugees. G. & C. Merriam Co., Springfield, MA, 1957. The law for the protection of the child criminalizes anyone who economically exploits a child with a penalty of one to three years imprisonment and a fine of DZD 50,000 to DZD 100,000 ($425 to $850); the punishment is doubled if the offender is a family member or guardian of the child. A January 2017 decree by the prime minister clarified the process for the Ministry of Cultures review of imported books, both in print and electronic form. Several members were arrested on September 13 in Bejaia, including the leader of political party Jil Jadid, Soufiane Djilali. The appeal must be filed within three days of the order. During the year authorities blocked LGBTI NGOs from organizing meetings. Prescribed penalties under this statute range from three to 20 years imprisonment, which were sufficiently stringent and commensurate with those prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape. While the constitution provides for the separation of powers between the executive and judicial branches of government, the executive branchs broad statutory authorities limited judicial independence. Corruption and Lack of Transparency in Government, Section 5. If authorities need more than 48 hours to gather additional evidence, they may extend a suspects authorized time in police detention with the prosecutors authorization in the following cases: if charges pertain to an attack on data processing systems, they may extend the time in detention once; if charges relate to state security, they may do so twice; for charges concerning drug trafficking, organized and transnational crime, money laundering, and other currency-related crimes, they may do so three times; and for charges related to terrorism and other subversive activities, they may do so five times for a maximum of 12 days. Arbitrary Arrest: Although the law prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention, authorities sometimes used vaguely worded provisions, such as inciting an unarmed gathering and insulting a government body, to arrest and detain individuals considered to be disturbing public order or criticizing the government. See the Department of StatesAnnual Report on International Parental Child Abductionathttps://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data.html. )other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. The International Trade Union Confederation reported that judicial persecution of trade union leaders had intensified. The court appearance of suspects in terrorism cases is public. If the application is approved, the ministry issues a final accreditation document. Authorities normally awarded custody of children to the mother, but she may not make decisions about education or take the children out of the country without the fathers authorization. ), lowest 10%: 2.8%highest 10%: 26.8% (1995), revenues: 54.15 billion (2017 est. The law also provides for the creation of independent unions, although the unions membership must account for at least 20 percent of an enterprises workforce. Otherwise, the judicial police appoint a doctor. Tamanrasset Algerian state of Arab, its capital is the city of Tamanrasset, occupies the first place among the states of Algeria in Although the government did not renew the accreditation of LADDH, the organization had members countrywide, received independent funding, and was one of the most active independent human rights groups. With the exception of several daily newspapers, the majority of print media outlets relied on the government for physical printing materials and operations. Defamation laws specify that former members of the military who make statements deemed to have damaged the image of the military or to have harmed the honor and respect due to state institutions may face prosecution. )permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est. Oxford University Press, New York, 1951. The law requires that a minimum level of essential public services must be maintained during public-sector service strikes, and the government has broad legal authority to requisition public employees. 1977-01-12, returning a population of 17,273,000, according to this source. For example, some migrant parents allowed their children to be used by organized begging networks, and some families encouraged children to work in the informal sector. The government said it did not take measures to specifically prevent and treat HIV/AIDS in the LGBTI community. parts of the Tunisian and Moroccan borders are still in dispute. arrondissement of Batna department. The constitution provides citizens the ability to choose their government in free and fair periodic elections held by secret ballot and based on universal and equal suffrage. At the end of the period of detention, the detainee has the right to request a medical examination by a physician of choice within the jurisdiction of the court. The law criminalizing speech about security force conduct during the internal conflict of the 1990s remained in place, although the government said there had never been an arrest or prosecution under the law. The law also bans political party ties to nonpolitical associations and regulates party financing and reporting requirements. The Algerian League for Human Rights, a separate but licensed organization based in Constantine, had members throughout the country monitoring individual cases. The government granted such authorization to students and persons with special family circumstances. Unions have the right to form and join federations or confederations, and the government recognized four confederations. ), total subscriptions: 45,555,673 (2020 est. The law states that members of local, provincial, and national assemblies are elected for five-year terms and that presidential elections occur within 30 days prior to the expiration of the presidential term. 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