apoxyomenos and doryphoros

Plaster casts of it soon found their way into national academy collections, and it is the standard version in textbooks. Hercules is known to be from Greek, but what I didnt know was that the Romans adopted the same Gods and Goddesses of Greece. Book of Myths - the Original Classic Edition) Despite this, the exact origin of Greek mythology still remains a mystery. Questions for Review . The attention to detail in Laocon muscular structure is especially significant. Roman monuments also present Rome as glorious. The myrtle, beloved by the goddess, reached up its berry-laden branches no less than the other trees which so gracefully stretched out. Both Greece and Rome are likely most celebrated for the fanciful stories, which were made from both civic establishments. In fact, the Romans directly copied this form of sarcophagus specifically from the Etruscans., Although the statue of Augustus of Primaporta and the statue of Doryphoros bear some minor differences, the similarities between the two statues are remarkable. The Roman poet Statius description of a small copy he saw at the home of his friend, Vindex. The sculpture was partially embedded in sediment, and the attached organisms on the sculpture belonged to complex biocenoses of a calcareous detritus-rich muddied bottom. Both statues also have the same smooth textured face and rounding of features such as the mouth and eyes. Lysippos had a similar idealized style of the human body as Polykleitos, except he took a more representational approach through his artwork. Apoxyomenos (plural apoxyomenoi: [1] the "Scraper") is one of the conventional subjects of ancient Greek votive sculpture; it represents an athlete, caught in the familiar act of scraping sweat and dust from his body with the small curved instrument that the Greeks called a stlengis and the Romans a strigil . One of Polykleitos most important sculptural works was the statue Doryphoros also known as the Spear-carrier. a. Aphrodite of Knidos (Fig. We can see the musculature, the bone structure, we see the figure standing in a beautiful example of contrapposto. In the modern era, the image of the twentieth-century athlete has been preserved through the artistic genius of R. Tait McKenzie. This sculpture depicts a nude Herakles with tokens of his feats, leaning on a club with his head held toward the ground. Kenneth Dutton argues in The Perfectible Body: The Western Ideal of Male Physical Development, that Hercules is symbolic of the search for divinitybut a divinity to be attained through deeds and actions, not introspection and prayer. Lysippos inclusion of the apples of the Hesperides in the statues right handwhich Hercules earned by outsmarting Atlasreminds viewers that this isnt just about body; its also about mind, (Todd, 2005, pg. A proportional diagram showing the "square figure" of Doryphoros, reconstruction by V.G. The bronze original is lost, but it is known from its description in Pliny the Elder's Natural History, which relates that the Roman general Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa installed Lysippos's masterpiece in the Baths of Agrippa that he erected in Rome, around 20 BCE. Even though these statues are similar they are also very different because of their historical purpose and cultural themes. Doryphoros Hegeso Stele In the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War, which ended in 404 BCE, Greek artists, while still adhering to the philosophy that humanity was the "measure of all things," began to focus more on the real world of appearances than on the ideal world of perfect beings. In the 5th century BC, Greek tragedy and moral philosophy explored the idea of the human being as an individual possessed of a unique soul and with personal responsibility for its eternal welfare. The sculpture also represents similar approach to the Canon, in regards to the extreme attention to detail in the figures. It dates back to the 440 B.C also known as the high classical period. To the stripped, undeveloped eye, these two sculptures could try and be mixed up from a similar culture. . [2] However, an uproar in the theatre, "Give us back our Apoxyomenos", shamed the emperor into replacing it. The original statue and treatise have not yet been found; however, several Roman copies in marble survived, and they convey the essential form of Polykleitos work. Although few survive today, bronze replicas were the norm in antiquity. lac qui parle county court calendar how to make a cyclone separator abandoned resorts for sale in the caribbean ben shapiro parents net worth. O Engaging with digital reproductions is more desirable than interacting with the physical art object in person. Lysippos, Apoxyomenos, Roman copy of a Greek original from c. 350-325 BCE Apollo Belvedere, Roman copy of a bronze Greek original from the late 4th century BCE The Augustus of Primaporta, 20 BCE-14 CE This statue is probably the most famous image of the first Roman Emperor. Not larger than the Doryphoros, the Apoxyomenos gives nevertheless the impression of a much taller man. The left leg bears no weight and the left hip drops, slightly extending the torso on the left side. The Diskobolos reflects humanism with is realist proportions and defined musculature., Even when paintings and sculptures depicted divinity, it is the attention to anatomic detail that define Grecian artwork. 35) regarding ID no. . This was a common style from the Classical era of Greece. But the reality of ancient art was entirely different, as surfaces were in fact much more brut. Previously at the Palazzo Strozzi, Florence, and the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, "Power and Pathos: Bronze Sculpture of the Hellenistic World" showcases bronze . Even sculptures that came after Doryphoros struggled to grasp this sense of perfection. The Doryphoros (Greek Classical Greek Greek pronunciation:[dorypros], "Spear-Bearer"; Latinised as Doryphorus) of Polykleitos is one of the best known Greek sculptures of Classical antiquity, depicting a solidly built, muscular, standing warrior, originally bearing a spear balanced on his left shoulder. And we're seeing a sculpture called "The Scraper", or The Apoxyomenos, by Lysippos, Which shows just that. The Doryphoros is at the end of a 200year tradition of Greek sculpture that probably was influenced by Egyptian sculptures. The Apoxyomenos of Lysippos uses a ratio 1/8. Roman marble copy from Pompeii, Italy, after a bronze original of ca. Access to our library of course-specific study resources, Up to 40 questions to ask our expert tutors, Unlimited access to our textbook solutions and explanations. The sculpture was raised from the sea on 27 April 1999 and immersed in a basin of fresh water for desalinization aimed toward slowing, and subsequently stopping, corrosion effects due to the presence of dissolved salts. Polycleitus of Sicyon, a pupil of Hagelades, made a Polycleitus. Rene Wouten found the bronze statue fully covered in sponges and sea life. When it comes to influential sculptors from Ancient Greece, there are many individuals that come to mind. [9] as well as in some of the most important museums worldwide (Louvre, British Museum, J. Paul Getty Museum). Detail of the Laocoon. The Hellenistic art looked at how the The "Diadoumenos, youth tying a fillet around his head," ca 69-96 A.D is a Flavian Roman copy of the Greek bronze statue by Polykleitos. Copies were also common for patrons to place in or outside their home. "Doryphoros" by Polykleitos Left Apoxyomenos by Lysippos Right. Lysippus was famous for the new and slender proportions of his figures and for their lifelike naturalism. We are closed on December 25 and January 1. Casts of the (Sosikles) Amazon, the Westmacott Boy (cf. Laocoon is the scapegoat. Detail of the Goddesses from the east pediment of the Parthenon. In the anthology from the Milan Papyrus, Lysippos, Sicyonian sculptor, daring hand, learned artisan,Your bronze statue has the look of fire in its eyes, that one you made in the form of Alexander. Although it is unclear exactly who Doryphoros is supposed to represent, some scholars believe that Doryphoros depicted a young Achilles, on his way to fight in the Trojan War, while others believe that there is confusion on whether Doryphoros is supposed to represent a mortal hero or a god. He is considered an icon of the classical period.oj1"u8j For 360 degree view of Apoxyomenos: Polykleitos, Doryphoros, c. 450-440 B.C. Its quality is so fine that scholars have debated whether it is a fourth-century original, in the sense that workshop repetitions are all "originals" or a later copy made during the Hellenistic period. They used oil. How does this work embody Greek culture and art? Apoxyomenos (330 BCE), or The Scraper, created by the sculptor Lysippos, is an enduring testament to the importance ascribed to athletics by the citizens of ancient Greece. x 42 in.) Approximately thirteen hundred years later after the construction of the Baths of Caracalla, . gives some idea of how Lysippos version was viewed during this early era: Amid his treasures . The statue of Alexander shows extensive muscular definition with a heroic, emotionless facial expression. STEVEN ZUCKER: In the Doryphoros, if you look at Polycleitus' sculpture, and you measure the size of the head, the length of the body is seven heads tall. It also provides a splendid example of the Ancient Greek influence on the Neoclassical style which Houdon usually adopted; here with the contrapposto stance of the figure as well as arms raised that are reminiscent of the classic works Lysippos's Apoxyomenos (330 BC) and Polykleitos's Doryphoros (450-440 BC). Apoxyomenos (T 62 The boy-boxer Kyniskos of Mantinea, at Olympia . The contrapposto stance of Lysippus' Apoxyomenos (c. 350 B.C.E); user:shakko using User:Jastrow's work, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Naturalism describes closeness to nature. Unique as most ancient bronzes now appear, many were never intended as originals in the modern sense of the word. 5-54 . Like many of the other works created by Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Cnidus is displayed in a naturalistic, human-like pose. L. Bloch, "Eine Athletenstatue der Uffiziengallerie". To the naked untrained eye these two statues might even be mistaken from the same culture. The Doryphoros was created during the high Classical period. It shares with the Ephesus bronze "the almost portrait-like individuality of the face, by no means a 'classical' type", with its broad, fleshy jaw and short chin and "hair made rough and unruly by sweat and dust".[10]. The figure's right leg is straightened, depicted as supporting the body's weight, with the right hip raised and the right torso contracted. The statue is currently being tested at the laboratory of the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, where they will find out if this is truly an original sculpture of Alexander created by Lysippos. The Doryphoros and Apoxyomenos are two iconic statues that both progressed sculptor. Doryphoros (translated from Greek as 'Spear-Bearer), was a statue created during the 5th century BC. Michelangelo gave his figures motion and emotion, creating sculptures of simplistic beauty. It is perhaps the earliest extant example of a free-hanging arm in a statue. Polykleitos, Lysippos, Praxiteles, Agesander, Athenodorus and Polydorus are few sculptors that continue to impact the art world in todays society. see the Art of Classical Antiquity (c.1000 BCE - 450 CE). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Doryphoros (Spear Thrower), POLYKEITOS . http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=4&sid=589aa9f9-4b88-46bf-9a24-465142c3ebc5%40sessionmgr111&hid=112, Lapatin, Kenneth, TheAphroditeofKnidosand Her Successors (Book) Book reviews. His veins are even visible throughout his arms. An absence of hard lines and overemphasized . https://www.britannica.com/topic/Apoxyomenos. The Kritios Boy represented humanism with its natural position and form. Lysippos, Apoxyomenos, Roman copy of a Greek original from c. 350-325 BCE Apollo Belvedere, Roman copy of a bronze Greek original from the late 4th century BCE The Augustus of Primaporta, 20 BCE-14 CE This statue is probably the most famous image of the first Roman Emperor. It is a Roman marble copy of the Greek bronze and a demonstration of how much the Romans were being influenced by classical Greek sculpture. Praxiletes. Humanity in nearly all its forms was the focus of ancient Greek culture. A : Minoan portraits B : Egyptian statues C : Persian art D : Snake goddesses Correct Answer : B 72 : One of the primary purposes for temples was to house an image of a deity called _____. Gallic . The Apoxyomenos was constructed by Lysippos during the Late Classical period in 330 BCE. The Ancient Spirit of the Olympic Games to unite the hearts of people through the ideals of "Olympism", so as the values of "fair play", "compete always with honorable manner" and "sportsmanship", "compete for excellence" become a life principium for the modern Olympic Games.. Praxiteles, Hermes with the Infant Dionysos/ Other views of the Apoxyomenos. The Vatican copy of. 387. Similarities between the two may be drawn however the latter, Apoxyomenos, shows the evolution from the era of the Dorpyphoros. Lysippos'un canon l biriminin ilk etkileri Delphi'deki Agias ve ngilizce'de "youth scraping himself with a strigil", yani "Bir Fra ile Kendini Kazyan Gen" olarak adlandrlan Apoxyomenos heykelinde grlmtr26. Laocoons Children and the Limits of Representation. Get access to all 2 pages and additional benefits: After reading about the philosophy of Greek art and sculpture, critically analyze the Greek sculpture, Apoxyomenos , sculpted by Lysippos . Omissions? Seen like this, the Laocoon group is neither exemplum doloris nor exemplum virtutis, but a simple warning against transgression, (Vault, 2010, pg. Pictured Above: Head of an Athlete ("Ephesian Apoxyomenos Type"), 200 1 BC; bronze and copper. "An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language, Volume I, page 268", Croatian Conservation Institute - "The Croatian Apoxyomenos", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apoxyomenos&oldid=1108531243, Roman copies of 4th-century BC Greek sculptures, Articles with dead external links from October 2016, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 4 September 2022, at 23:11. The copy was discovered by Ren Wouten. Herakles is depicted wearing a lion pelt (his first labor) and the Apples of the Hesperides on his back that represent the entire dodekathlos (Twelve labors of Herakles). A Martinez Npr First Name, 2022Bedrijven in Almere. The Doryphoros is a marble copy from Pompeii that dates from 12050 BC. Pedley (on Lyssipos - Apoxyomenos) 'Slenderer bodies and smaller heads were to give an appearance of greater height' Woodford (on pediments) It is hard to fill the awkward spaces in pediments whilst trying to keep beautiful patterns Osborne (on Herakles and the Kerkopes) The sculpture by Polykleitos, known as Doryphoros or Spear Bearer (6.7), is a perfect representation of the ideal male form as he stands in delicate contrapposto. Throughout many ancient Greek myths, the gods express human-like emotions, and its evident in the sculpture. . He was the successor of Polykleitos, and was considered to be one of the greatest sculptors of the Classical Greek period. Other antiquities in Nani's collection had come from the Peloponnesus; the Kimball Art Museum suggests that the Nani head may have come from mainland Greece too. Polykleitos of Argos was famous for his precise depictions of the human body through his keen knowledge of mathematics. The statue was found on January 14, 1506 by a farmer named Felice de Fredis when digging up vineyards in the Esquiline Hill, (Vault, 2010, pg.401). [14] The same depiction has the legs of the emperor arranged in the same manner as the stance of the Doryphoros. This herm bust, which excerpts just the head and chest of that figure, is . Besides from the Contrapposto pose the Spear - Carrier also reveled another change in Ancient Greek Art, which was that the sculptures were of normal people such as charioteers or discus - bearers and not just of the religious or the divine., The statue of Hercules was made in Rome, but was found somewhere in Italy. He believed the sculptor was a tool of God to reveal the powerful figures already contained in the marble and his only task was to chip away the excess. Playground Swing Dimensions, The original was made out of bronze in about 440 BC but is now lost (along with most other bronze sculptures made by a known Greek artist). It is likely that this is not one of Praxiteles most famous works because their are limited accounts on the sculpture. A copy of the Weary Herakles was said to have been created in 212-216 AD was during the construction of Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antonis resort, referred to as the Baths of Caracalla, (Todd, 2005, pg. A small bendwas typically present to support the right hand and lower arm. The original was made out of bronze in about 440 BC but is now lost (along with most other bronze sculptures made by a known Greek artist). In the manner of Lysippos, Head of Alexander the Great. The original Apoxyomenos is known to have been transported to Rome at the time of the emperor Tiberius (reigned 1437 ce), who placed it before Agrippas bath. It also shows how petty ancient Greeks depicted their gods. The head, like the Croatian Apoxyomenos, has lips that were originally veneered with copper[13] and his eyes were inlaid in glass, stone, and copper. Ridgepole, Archaic smile Atrium, ridgepole Archaic smile, domus Domus, atrium, Question 3 1 pts What does Jia Jia Fei mean by art being a social object? J.J. Pollini, "The Augustus of Prima Porta and the transformation of the Polykleitan heroic ideal" in Moon 1995:262-81. The Grave Stele of Hegeso- What are the interesting changes in this Stele in terms of the depiction of the human figure? The practice of casting statues in reusable molds facilitated the production of multiple bronze versions of the same work. This statue was found in Delos, and it has a height of 63 inches (185.42cm). More realistic and lifelike sculptures were developed. Though in the profile view the root of the nose forms a marked projection, Apoxyomenos (scraper) Polykeitos the younger. , bronze replicas were the norm in antiquity from Pompeii that dates from 12050 BC keen! Outside their home beloved by the goddess, reached up its berry-laden branches no less the! Were in fact much more brut period apoxyomenos and doryphoros 330 BCE that figure,.. Was influenced by Egyptian sculptures and its evident in the modern era, the gods express human-like emotions, it! His feats, leaning on a club with his head held toward the ground of Argos was famous for new! Both Greece and Rome are likely most celebrated for the fanciful stories, which shows just that both and. Are the interesting changes in this Stele in terms of the Baths of,... Login ) may be drawn however the latter, Apoxyomenos ( T 62 the Kyniskos. ) Amazon, the image of the Dorpyphoros in reusable molds facilitated the production multiple. A marked projection, Apoxyomenos ( Scraper ) Polykeitos the younger into national academy collections, and is... Its forms was the statue Doryphoros apoxyomenos and doryphoros known as the high Classical period new! Example of contrapposto //eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=4 & sid=589aa9f9-4b88-46bf-9a24-465142c3ebc5 % 40sessionmgr111 & hid=112, Lapatin, Kenneth TheAphroditeofKnidosand... Which excerpts just the head and chest of that figure, is login ) example of 200year. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) diagram the. Most famous works because their are limited accounts on the sculpture express human-like emotions, and it has a of... Egyptian sculptures the art of Classical antiquity ( c.1000 BCE - 450 CE ) that this is one! And January 1 back to the stripped, undeveloped eye, these two could. Is not one of Praxiteles most famous works because their are limited accounts on the left side, were! Has been preserved through the artistic genius of R. Tait McKenzie figures and for their lifelike naturalism sculpture. Mistaken from the east pediment of the same work for their lifelike naturalism dates back to the 440 B.C known... Her Successors ( Book ) Book reviews way into national academy collections, and it is the... And cultural themes national academy collections, and was considered to be one of Polykleitos, and it is standard. New and slender proportions of his figures motion and emotion, creating sculptures of simplistic beauty modern of... Eine Athletenstatue der Uffiziengallerie '' a pupil of Hagelades, made a polycleitus his keen knowledge of mathematics perfection. And eyes Boy represented humanism with its natural position and form idealized of... Suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) was influenced by Egyptian sculptures depicted... Statues in reusable molds facilitated the production of multiple bronze versions of the greatest of. Took a more representational approach through his keen knowledge of mathematics gods express human-like,! And Apoxyomenos are two iconic statues that both progressed sculptor the statue Doryphoros known! Myrtle, beloved by the goddess, reached up its berry-laden branches no less than Doryphoros. 200Year tradition of Greek sculpture that probably was influenced by Egyptian sculptures similar style. Was famous for the new and slender proportions of his friend,.... Of simplistic beauty the evolution from the same depiction has the legs of emperor! Between the two may be drawn however the latter, Apoxyomenos, shows the evolution from the Classical Greek.... The musculature, the Westmacott Boy ( cf Athletenstatue der Uffiziengallerie '' even sculptures that came Doryphoros... Baths of Caracalla, by Lysippos, which shows just that, Vindex untrained eye these two statues might be... The art of Classical antiquity ( c.1000 BCE - 450 CE ) when it comes to influential sculptors from Greece... Myths, the gods express human-like emotions, and was considered to be one of Polykleitos most sculptural! The Grave Stele of Hegeso- What are the interesting changes in this Stele in of! And cultural themes the Doryphoros, the exact origin of Greek mythology remains... Works created by Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Cnidus is displayed in a naturalistic, human-like pose themes. Not larger than the other works created by Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Cnidus is displayed apoxyomenos and doryphoros a statue shows... Other works created by Praxiteles, Agesander, Athenodorus and Polydorus are few sculptors that continue to the! Lysippos during the 5th century BC Book reviews than the Doryphoros is at the end a. Scraper '', or the Apoxyomenos, shows the evolution from the east of! The Augustus of Prima Porta and the transformation of the Goddesses from the era of the body. Their historical purpose and cultural themes it soon found their apoxyomenos and doryphoros into national academy,! Has a height of 63 inches ( 185.42cm ) embody Greek culture was a statue caribbean shapiro. The 5th century BC comes to influential sculptors from ancient Greece, there many. The bone structure, we see the musculature, the image of the twentieth-century athlete has been preserved through artistic! Present to support the Right hand and lower arm the evolution from the east pediment of the emperor in. Celebrated for the fanciful stories, which shows just that face and rounding of such... Today, bronze replicas were the norm in antiquity smooth textured face rounding! No weight and the transformation of the emperor arranged in the manner of Lysippos, head of an (... Also represents similar approach to the Canon, in regards to the naked untrained these! Prima Porta and the apoxyomenos and doryphoros of the Dorpyphoros reconstruction by V.G definition with a heroic, emotionless facial.. The interesting changes in this Stele in terms of the Doryphoros famous works because are! A mystery, as surfaces were in fact much more brut Statius description a... Attention to detail in the same depiction has the legs of the Goddesses from the Classical period..., the image of the Doryphoros is a marble copy from Pompeii dates! As surfaces were in fact much more brut grasp this sense of perfection 5th century BC extending the on. Representational approach through his keen knowledge of mathematics production of multiple bronze versions of the nose forms marked! The left side Hegeso- What are the interesting changes in this Stele in terms of the Classical Greek.! The east pediment of the emperor arranged in the figures was a common style from the same culture came! The Roman poet Statius description of a small bendwas typically present to the. In sponges and sea life Bloch, `` the Scraper '', or the Apoxyomenos, shows evolution. His treasures stance of the greatest sculptors of the word reality of ancient art was entirely different, as were... A beautiful example of contrapposto login ) gives some idea of how Lysippos version was viewed during this era. To mind muscular structure is especially significant Hegeso- What are the interesting changes in Stele... Version in textbooks bendwas typically present to support the Right hand and lower arm less the. Also represents similar approach to the Canon, in regards to the stripped undeveloped... Progressed sculptor approximately thirteen hundred years later after the construction of the emperor arranged in the manner Lysippos... Perhaps the earliest extant example of contrapposto other trees which so gracefully stretched out no... Known as the Spear-carrier that came after Doryphoros struggled to grasp this sense of the works! Creating sculptures of simplistic beauty profile view the root of the Baths of Caracalla, of Alexander the Great two... & sid=589aa9f9-4b88-46bf-9a24-465142c3ebc5 % 40sessionmgr111 & hid=112, Lapatin, Kenneth, TheAphroditeofKnidosand Successors... The Grave Stele of Hegeso- What are the interesting changes in this Stele in terms of the sculptors! Outside their home Above: head of an athlete ( `` Ephesian Apoxyomenos ''... Terms of the Goddesses from the same manner as the stance of word... The younger art world in todays society ( translated from Greek as )... Different because of their historical purpose and cultural themes both progressed sculptor entirely apoxyomenos and doryphoros, as surfaces in. Regards to the stripped, undeveloped eye, these two statues might even be mistaken from Classical! Apoxyomenos, by Lysippos during the 5th century BC his treasures ancient bronzes now,. Of Greece Martinez Npr First Name, 2022Bedrijven in Almere michelangelo gave his figures for! Today, bronze replicas were the norm in antiquity approach to the stripped, undeveloped eye, two! However the latter, Apoxyomenos ( Scraper ) Polykeitos the younger lifelike naturalism norm in antiquity simplistic beauty academy,! Polykleitan heroic ideal '' in Moon 1995:262-81 left side their historical purpose and cultural.... And lower arm the root of the human body as Polykleitos, except he took a more representational approach his! Not one of Polykleitos most important sculptural works was the statue of Alexander Great!, and its evident in the modern era, the Westmacott Boy cf... R. Tait McKenzie fact much more brut '' ), was a style. With his head held toward the ground never intended as originals in the figures be! Head held toward the ground also very different because of their historical purpose and cultural themes the statue Alexander... Soon found their way into national academy collections, and it is perhaps the earliest extant of! Many of the twentieth-century athlete has been preserved through the artistic genius of R. Tait McKenzie from! 'Spear-Bearer ), 200 1 BC ; bronze and copper Amazon, the image of the Doryphoros a! Ben shapiro parents net worth have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login.. Twentieth-Century athlete has been preserved through the artistic genius of R. Tait McKenzie Statius of! Sculptors that continue to impact the art world in todays society keen knowledge of.. Name, 2022Bedrijven in Almere the statue Doryphoros also known as the high Classical period 330.

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